• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 1995

New two macrocyclic compounds using as carriers of liquid emulsion menbrame, have been synthesized. These reuslts provide evidance for the usefulness of the theory in designing the systems. The efficiency of selective transport for heavy metal ions have been discussed from the membrane systems that make use of $SCN^-$,<>,$I^-$,CN- and $Cl^-$ ion as co-anions in source phase and make use of $S_2O_3^{2-}$ and $P_2O_7^{4-}$ ion as receiving phase, respectively. The transport rate of M(II) was highest when a maximum amount of the M(II) in the source phase was present as$Cd(SCN)_2$$(P[SCN^-]= 0.40M)$, $Hg(SCN)_2([SCN^-]=0.40M)$ and Pd(CN)$([CN^-]= 0.40M)$. The Cd(II) and Pb(II) over each competitive cations were well transprted with 0.3M-S2032- and 0.3M-P2O74-, respectively in the receiving phase. Results of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsion system. First one must effective extraction of the $M^{n+}$ into the toluene systems. The effectiveness of this extraction is the greatest if locK for $M^{n+}$macrocycle interaction is large and if the macrocycle is very insoluble in the aqueous phase. Second, the ratio of the locK values (or Mn+-receiving phase ($S_2O_3^{2-}$- or $P_2O_7^{4-}$) to $M^{n+}$-macrocycle (($L_1$이나 $L_2$) interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of Mn+(($Cd^{2+}$,$Pb^{2+}$)at the toluene receiving Phase interface. $L_1$(3.5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7,diazabicyclo(8,5,5) eicosan) forms a stable ($Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complexes and $L_1$ is very insoluble in water and its $Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complex is considerably less stable than $Cd^{2+}$-(S2O3)22- and $Pd^{2+}-P_2O_7^{4-}$ complexes. On the other hand, the stability of the $Hg^{2+}$)+-$L_1$( complex exceed that of the $Hg^{2+}$- (S2O3)22- and Hg2+-P2O74-, and the distribution coefficient of $L_2$(5,8,15,18,23,26-hexaoxa-1,12- diazabicyclo-(10,8,8) octacosane) is much smaller than that of $L_1$. Therefore, the partitioning of Lr is favored by the aqueous receiving Phase, and little heavy metal ions transport is seen despite the large logK for $Hg^{2+}$+-$L_1$ and $Mn^+$($Cd^{2+}$+, $Pb^{2+}$+ and $Hg^{2+}$)-$L_2$ interactions. Key Words : macrocycles, transport, heavy metal, co-anion, source phase, receiveing, complex separation, interaction, destribution coefficient.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.104-108
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• 2006

Water extracts of Jehotang were evaluated for their growth-promoting effects on Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus sp., L. acidophilus, and Clostridium perfringens. Addition of Jehotang water extract to modified EG media at 0.1 mg/mL increased growths of B. longum, Lactobacillus sp., and L. acidophilus, with 1.8-fold increase in growth of L. acidophilus compared to that of control. Studies on these strains by agar diffusion method showed Lactobacillus sp. and L. acidophilus were activated by addition of Jehotang extract at 10 mg/disc. Proliferation responses of mice splenocytes and Peyer's patch cells to ConA by LPS-stimulation at 500 mg/kg B.W./day Jehotang extract were investigated in vitro. Upon treatment of 1 mg/mL Jehotang water extract to mice, proliferations of splenocytes and Peyer's patch cells increased 1.4- and 1.6-fold compared to control, respectively. In mice administered Jehotang extract, production of intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) increased 2.4-fold compared to control. These results indicate water extract of Jehotang stimulated intestinal immune system of mice. In mice treated with Jehotang extract, production of lymphocytes was 4% lower, whereas those of granulocytes and platelets were 4% and slightly higher than control, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

Antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum piperitum was investigated against Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries. Although the methylene chloride extract of seeds exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than other organic solvent extracts, including methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of pericarps or seeds of Z. piperitum, essential oils prepared from both seeds and pericarps possessed more potent inhibitory activity than the methylene chloride extract of seeds. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils of seeds and pericarps were 0.3 mg/ml and 4.0 mg/ml against S. mutans, respectively. When the seed essential oil was further separated into seven fractions (CS-SD-A${\sim}$CS-SD-G) by thin layer chromatography (TLC), all fractions exhibited lower antimicrobial activity than the essential oil. To understand the antimicrobial ingredients of Z. piperitum, seeds the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data of the methylene chloride extract of seeds was compared with those of the seed essential oil (CS-SD). Whereas the methylene chloride extract of seeds contained carvacrol (0.24%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.72%), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.88%), which were previously known to inhibit growth of S. mutans, the seed essential oil contained sabinene (1.57%), linalool (1.55%), citronellal (13.67%), terpinene-4-ol (0.45%), citronellol (3.69%), geraniol (0.9%), linalyl acetate (1.35%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.35%), ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.78%), and ${\delta}$-cadinene (0.67%) in this regard. These results indicate that Z. piperitum seeds possess various inhibitory substances against S. mutans, and an effective method to isolate the active ingredients from the seeds is to prepare the essential oil. These results also suggest that the essential oil of Z. piperitium seeds may be applicable to preventing dental caries.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.790-795
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• 1997

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofuransfurans are the archetype of toxic chemicals. So it has absorbed public attention. The majors primary sources of PCDDS and PCDFs are chemical, thermal and photochemical reactions. Municipal solid waste incinerator facilities has been reported as the major contributors of dioxins to the environment. In this paper, Dioxins and furans were examined emission gas and fly ash produced during combustion in municipal solid waste incinerator. More effective method for sampling, extraction was described. The sample was extracted using a soxhlet method and purified using silicagel, alumina and carbon fibre HPLC to remove interfering compound. The extract was then analyzed by HRGC/HRMS. The result of this study showed recovery standard was good and the data resembled those of thermal processes. Total dioxins and furans were $1076.20pg/Nm^3$ and $1452.34pg/Nm^3$ respectively. The amount of highly chlorinated compound was more than that of lowly chlorinated compound. The 2,3,7,8-substituted TCDD was Just 0.34% of the total dioxins/furans amount.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.192-199
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• 2004

The mycelial mass of K. mutabilis greatly increased at pH 5.5~6.0 but decreased pH 6.0. The linear mycelial growth wsa mostly supported on sawdust of Quercus accutisima and the mycelial density wsa high on sawdust of Q. accutisima and corn cob. Much mycelial distribution could be showen in ray parenchyma cell and ray tracheid. Severe degradation of ray parenchyma cell was found but little degradation of ray tracheid cell was found. The dry weight loss wsa 5.9% after agar-block test. And the pH wsa acidified from 6.07 to 4.31 and hot water extractives was decreased after degradation of Q. serrata sawdust by K. mutabilis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1010-1018
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• 2013

The greenhouse whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is considered one of the most destructive pests of crops. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal liquid culture conditions in shake flasks for maximal sporulation of Beauveria bassiana M130 using rice bran. The optimal initial pH for the spore production of B. bassiana using extracted rice bran medium was 5.2 and $28^{\circ}C$. The screening in shake flasks of carbon and nitrogen sources resulted in the identification of an optimal medium based on 0.5% $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, with extracted rice bran 8:1. Using this medium, a production level of $2.15{\times}10^9$ spores per ml was obtained after six days from culture inoculation at $28^{\circ}C$ in a rotary shaking incubator at 130 rpm. In addition, the specific activities of extracellular enzymes of chitinase and protease were $4,296{\mu}mol$ and $375{\mu}mol$, respectively. These results suggest that Beauveria bassiana M130 could be a bio-controller for the greenhouse whitefly.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1981

An effective method for isolation of the major components of ginseng saponin such as $ginsenoside-Rb_{1},\;-Rb_2,$ -Rc, -Rd, -Re and $-Rg_1$, and the minor components such as ginsenoside-Rf, $-Rg_2,\;and-Rh_1$, was developed and reported in previous papers (J. Korean Agr. Chem. Soc., 23(4), 199 and 206(1980) The conditions and procedures used for isolation and identification for ginsenosides described in the previous papers were not sufficient enough for clean separation of minor components, $ginsenoside-Rh_1,\;and-Rh_2$. In this work, modifications in extraction method and in mobile phase for HPLC were attempted. It was found that application of ethyl acetate extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr on crude saponin resulted in a removal of diol group saponin from crude saponin which made it possible for using higher portion of acetonitrile in mobile phase. The mixed solvents of acetonitrile : water (92 : 8 and 94 : 6) gave excellent resolution of $ginsenoside-Rh_1\;and\;-Rh_2$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2001

The bioequivalence study of two tiropramide products was evaluated in 16 health male volunteers following intra-muscular injection. Test product was Tiram$^{(R)}$ injection (S Pharm. Co, Ltd.) and reference product was Tiropa$^{(R)}$ injection(D Pharm. Co., Ltd.). The drug concentration in plasma was determined by GC/MS for over a period of 8 hours after injection. Analysis of variance reveal that there are no differences in AUC (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity), Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and Tmax (time to reach Cmax). The differences of mean AUC, Cmax and Tmax between two products were 0.73, -1.385 and -12.994%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences (%) at ${\alpha}=0.05$ were all less than 20% given as a guideline (10.05, 17.90 and 19.01% for AUC, Cmax and Tmax, respectively). From these results, the two formulations of tiropramide are bioequivalent and thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.196-213
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• 2002

The alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode followed by three work-up methods for comparison; EPA method, isoBOC derivatization method and TBDMS derivatization method. Eleven phenols in water samples were extracted with dichloromethane. Also, solid-phase extraction (SPE) with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutoxycarbonyl derivatives or tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives for sensitive analysis with the selected ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The recoveries were 85.1~109.9% (EPA method) and 90.3~126.6% (isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization), respectively. The method detection limit of bisphenol A for SIM were 0.732 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ (EPA method), 0.002 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ (isoBOC derivatization) and 0.021 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ (TBDMS derivatization). The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9755~0.9981 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9908~0.9996 (TBDMS derivatization). When these methods were applied to treated wastewater sample from a polyethylene plant, the concentrations of 11 phenols were below the method detection limit.

• Clean Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2008

The radioactive wastes generated from the nuclear industry can be divided into the forms of solid, liquid, or gas. Radioactive methyl iodide, a gaseous radioactive waste, is absorbed by activated carbon with 5 wt% of Trietylenediamine (1,4-diazania-bicycle[2.2.2]octane, TEDA) impregnated on the surface. Methyl Iodide ($CH_3I$) is combined chemically with TEDA (the final product : I-TEDA). To recycle radioactive activated carbon, removal of I-TEDA from activated carbon is needed. A wet method for recycling impregnated active carbon was developed to remove radioactive I-TEDA using an acetonitrile solution, which produces lots of secondary wastes. We suggest the removal of I-TEDA by supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvents. In this experiment, we used a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for measuring the removal rate of the I-TEDA. From the experimental results, methanol was found to be the optimum co-solvent, and the optimum conditions such as temperature, pressure, and co-solvent flow rate were obtained. Possibility of using supercritical fluid in the removal of I-TEDA from radioactive activated carbon was also discussed.