• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2010

Fatigue has been a common symptom of warfighters who were participated in the early morning hours, late night hours, and sustained operations. Continuous operations may disrupt circadian rhythm, resulting in impaired combat capability. It is important to enhance alertness and sleep quality of warfighters for maintaining combat capability. A number of anti-fatigue strategies are available including medications. Here in, the pharmacological countermeasures of combat fatigue have reviewed, and the direction of research in the pharmacological countermeasures against combat fatigue are proposed.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2015

TLC (SiO₂) 상에서 3가지 유사 암페타민 류 아민 화합물과 3가지 유도체화 시약 사이의 반응으로부터 얻어진 아민유도체의 이미지 분석으로부터 암페타민 류 화합물에 대한 신속하고 경제적인 반정량적인 분석방법을 제시하기 위하여 선행 실험을 하였다. TLC상 직접적인(in situ, co-spot) 유도체화 반응의 적정화를 시도하였고 그 TLC 결과물들을 디지털카메라로 촬영하여 이미지를 얻은 후 2가지의 이미지 분석 프로그램(CP Atlas 2.0 및 ImageJ)에 적용하여 재현성(RSD; %)과 상관성(R²)을 각각 확인 및 비교하였다. 그 결과, 반응 조건에 대한 조정이 필요하였고(반응 온도 등) 각 시료별 2가지의 농도(0.5 mg/mL 및 0.01 mg/mL)에서 반응의 재현성은 0.69~5.50% 범위이었으며 반응(2 µL per spot)의 생성물과 아민의 농도에 대한 상관성은 0.1~0.005 mg/mL의 농도 구간에서 가장 높게 나타났다(R²> 0.9906). 또한, 두 가지 프로그램 모두 재현성과 직선성에 대한 유사한 결과를 나타내어 직접적인 유도체화 반응과 TLC 이미지에 대한 이들 프로그램을 사용한 분석이 아민 화합물에 대한 반정량적인 분석으로 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 보였다.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2009

GC-MS/MS를 이용하여 모발 중 암페타민계 마약류 4종과 노르케타민의 동시 분석법을 확립하였으며 결과의 신뢰도를 높이기 위해 분석법 검정을 실시하였다. 모발 시료의 전처리 과정은 증류수와 아세톤을 이용하여 세척, 자동분쇄기를 이용한 세절, 메탄올 용매를 이용한 추출 및 배양 그리고 HFBA로 유도체화하는 단계를 거쳐 GC-MS/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 모든 분석물질에 대해 정량범위 내에서 우수한 직선성을 나타내었으며, 실제 마약 복용자의 모발감정에 이용될 수 있는 충분한 감도와 선택성, 정밀도와 정확도를 확인하였다. 검정곡선의 결정계수($r^2$)는 0.998 이상을 나타내었고 검출 한계는 0.007 ng/mg 이하였으며 회수율은 75.9-100.9%이었다. 일내 (intra-day) 및 일간 (inter-day) 정확도는 -2.6-17.0%의 범위를 나타내었으며 정밀도는 10.7%이하로 모두 기준값(20% 이하)이내의 값을 나타내었다. 확립된 분석법을 마약 복용자의 모발에 적용한 결과 메스암페타민의 농도 분포는 0.97-19.30 ng/mg이었으며 암페타민은 0.14-2.56 ng/mg이었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.277-282
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• 1997

Methamphetamine, which is the most commonly abused drug in Korea, exists in terms of d-, l- isomers and a racemate(dl). d-Methamphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant, whereas l-Methamphetamine is sold freely as a nasal decongestant. In addition, methamphetamine appears in different ratios of optical isomers by the clandestine synthesis applied. In this study, enetiomeric separation of methamphetamines was estabilished to distinguish the chirality of methamphetamines trafficked and abused in Korea. A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer(GC/MS) system equipped with an achiral capillary column is used to isolate the isomers of methamphetamine after (S)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-l-prolyl(TFP) deravatization.After analyzing 10 illicit methamphetamine powders and 10 positive urine samples, following findings were found: d-Methamphetamine was well resolved from l-Methamphetamine by chromatographic separation of TFP derivatibes on DB-5 with retention time of 11.80 and 11.35 min respectively. The detection of d-Methamphetamine in all 10 powders and 10 urine samples proves that all methamphetamines abused in Korea are illegally manyfactured and administred.

• 약학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.627-633
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• 1998

Impurity profiling analysis of methamphetamine seized in Korea was investigated for the evidential and intelligent purpose. Samples were extracted with ethylacetate which contai ns internal standard of dioctylsebacate under basic condition and extracts were analyzed by GC-FID. Ephedrine, chloroephedrine & 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine were identified impurities in illicit methamphetamine by GC-MS. These impurities revealed that most of abused methamphetamine in Korea were synthesized from ephedrine as a starting material. For the classification of samples. firstly, 24 impurity peaks were selected after inspection of every peak in 50 samples as the specific markers of impurities. Secondly, corresponding peak retention time and area ratio to the internal standard were calculated and database was created with values of 24 peaks by in-house program. Finally, cluster analysis was attempted with the resultant profiles using the STAR plot, which was based on the Euclidian distance for evaluating similarity among samples. A total of 76 samples were divided into 8 different groups within 90% statistical similarity and inter-batch samples showed similar impurity patterns by this procedure. In conclusion, the analysis of impurities is a suitable index for estimation the common or different origin of methamphetamine sample.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.698-703
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• 1997

Recently, l-deprenyl (selegiline), a relative new antiparkinson`s drug, has been marketed in Korea. As its metabolites, l-methamphetamine and l-amphetamine, are the enantiomers of illicit drugs,d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine, a method for analysis of enantiomers of methamphetamine and amphetamine in rat urine was investigated. The optical isomers of methamphetamine and amphetamine were analyzed with the chiral derivatizing reagent (S)-(-)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-prolyl chloride (l-TFP), which was used to form the diastereomers of methamphetamine and amphetamine. And all diastereomers (l-TFP -l-AM, lTFP-d-AM, l-TFP-l-MA & l-TFP-d-MA) were well resolved by capillary gas chromatography. After administration of 10mg/kg l-deprenyl to rat, l-methamphetamine and l-amphetamine were detected without autoracemization to the d form in all urine samples collected during 24hrs, and the ratios of l-amphetamine/l-methamphetamine were 1.1~3.3. l-Amphetamine was detected in only 3 out of 8 urine samples collected during 24~48hrs where as no l-methamphetamine was detected in all cases.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2001

(+)-Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant, which has been the most popular abused drug in Korea. The rewarding mechanism in METH abuse has been reported to be mediated by dopaminergic system. Recently, it has been reported that dopamine releaser (phentermine) plays a dominant role in the discriminative stimulus effects of METH, whereas 5-HT releaser (fenfluramine) can strongly modify METH self-administration. The present study is designed to assess the behavioral changes and the changes of the serotonin receptors in the brains of rats administered repeated of self-administered METH. The repeated administration of 1.0 mg/kg/day METH for 12 days increased locomotor activities, and there was no difference between i.v. and i.p. treatment. Rats had actively acquired METH self-administration for 3 weeks at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg/injection. Whereas, it was taken few days to acquire sucrose pellet self-administration. The binding of [$^3$H]-8-hydroxy-DPAT (5-H $T_{1A}$ receptors) and [$^3$H]-5-carboxytryptamine (5-H $T_{1B}$ receptors) to brain sections was examined. Both passive administration and self-administration of METH did not change significantly the serotonin receptors levels in hippocampus, striatum and nucleus accumbens. These results suggest that serotonin receptors may not change in the acquisition period of METH self-administration, and we are trying to investigate the serotonin receptors levels of brain in rats maintained of METH self-administration.n.n.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 2018

Drug abuse and its related problems are increasing continuously in Korea. One of the most frequently abused drugs is methamphetamine, but there are few medical report in Korea. This is the first report of the identification of methamphetamine in the blood of a patient who had a return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest and survived discharge. A 33-year-old male arrived at the emergency department presenting with chest pain and dyspnea. He had ingested methamphetamine and alcohol approximately 7 hours before arrival. One hour after arrival, he had seizure followed by cardiac arrest. Spontaneous circulation was recovered after 4 minutes of CPR. An analysis of the National Forensic Service identified plasma methamphetamine with an estimated average concentration of plasma methamphetamine at the time of arrival of 0.6 mg/L, a lethal dose. He had rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury but survived after continuous renal replacement therapy. Since then, he has suffered chronic kidney disease, and he is being followed up at the out-patient department. In Korea, although drug abuse is still uncommon, it is on the increase. Therefore, emergency physicians should be aware of the clinical characteristics of methamphetamine poisoning.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2009

Objectives : The mesolimbic dopamine system is believed to play a major role in the reinforcing effect and behavioral hyperactivity of abused drugs including methamphetamine. In the present study, the effect of acupuncture on methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats were examined. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats received acupuncture at bilateral Yanggu($SI_5$) point for 30seconds immediately before the subcutaneous injection of saline or methamphetamine(0.5mg/kg). The total amount of locomotor activity for 90min were measured just before brain samples were taken for immunohistochemistry. Results : Results showed that acupuncture at the specific point $SI_5$, but not control point(Kunlun, $BL_{60}$) significantly reduced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the striatum and nucleus accumbens induced by acute administration of methamphetamine. Conclusions : These results suggest that acupuncture may be effective in suppressing the reinforcing effect of methamphetamine by regulating neuronal activity.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

Background and objective: Methamphetamine (Meth) is a widely abused psychostimulant that produces hyperlocomotion in rodents. Radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis comprises a variety of bioactive components that have neuroprotective effects. In a previous study, we have demonstrated methanol extracts from radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis (MEGR) suppress acute cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MEGR on acute Meth-induced hyperlocomotion. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with MEGR (60 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg) 60 min prior to an intraperitoneal injection of Meth (1.0 mg/kg). Results: Behavioral analysis showed acute Meth greatly increased locomotor activities, while pretreatment with MEGR dose dependently inhibited the hyperlocomotion. In parallel, there were markedly increased levels of dopamine and its metabolite 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the nucleus accumbens tissues in Meth-treated rats, which were also almost completely reversed by 180 mg/kg MEGR. Conclusions: These results showed that radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis attenuates Meth-induced hyperlocomotion by inhibiting dopamine synthesis and utilization, suggesting that radix of Glycyrrhizae uralensis might be effective in blocking the rewarding effect of Meth.