• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.78-91
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• 2011

The Usuki Stone Buddha Statues in Japan are carved on mainly dark gray welded lapilli tuff accompanied by lenticular fiamme. This rock is composed of matrix which contains feldspar and opaque minerals with some phenocrysts of quartz and feldspar. The matrix is slight to highly welded. The statues have been weathered and weakened by salt and freezing of water. To enhance the mechanical properties of the rock, consolidants and water repellents were applied. The absorption ratio of the rock was highly decreased after the treatment of the water repellents, the consolidant OH 100, as well. Ultrasonic velocity revealed similarly higher values in the treated rock by KSE 300 and OH 100, compared to non-treated rock. KSE 300, especially, highly increased the Equotip surface hardness. All studied consolidants and water repellents were found to change the original color of the stone. SNL, specifically, resulted the significant change in color. In addition, KSE 300 were observed to improve resistance to weathering such as microcrack and fracture through freezing-thawing test after treatment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.329-341
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• 2012

Magai Wareiishi Jizo (Buddhist statue carved on rock surface) is close to shoreline and a part of rock block is periodically immersed by seawater. Rock material of the Wareiishi-jizo statue is composed mainly of medium or coarse-grained biotite granite and very durable. However, physical properties of the rock have been changed according to the complex interactions of the salt solution and surrounding environment. Exfoliation of the rock surface is a serious condition by salt crystallization. Exfoliation (14.6%) is concentrated on the upper part of the rock block with mainly boundary of seawater as the center. On the other hand, lower part of the rock block show black layers by contaminants deposition. In addition, brown discoloration and biological contaminants is overlapped. Rock surface show high discoloration rate of 50.5% (black discoloration, 29.2% > yellow discoloration, 14.1% > brown discoloration, 4.4% > green discoloration, 2.9%). Upper part of the rock block had a lot of change in the physical properties than lower part that is immersed by seawater. In particular, surface properties of the rock block was very weak state at the boundary surface of seawater permeation.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.8
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• pp.3-11
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• 2007

There is a Seated Stone Bhaishajyaguru-Vaidurya Buddha (Medicine Buddha) which was moved from Yongjang-gye in the garden of Gyeongju National Museum. The head was cemented on the body of the statue in 1974 before its display. Recently, we have done another conservation work on the statue because microbes and the other contaminants have built up on the surface and the restored part of the statue has loosened again. By taking r-ray pictures, we have checked the structure of the statue, especially the connected part and removed old materials used for the previous restoration. We reinforced the cracked parts, cleaned the surface, and then restored the statue. We finished the conservation process by adjusting the color.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.39-51
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• 2004

The standing Buddha named Taehwa 4 yew in the Jincheon were sculptured with rock cliff of the dark grey shale. Front of the Buddha statue shows $N40^{\circ}W$ strike with nearly vertical dip toward the back side. Rock blocks of the Buddha statue well developed with bedding and laminations whereas rock surface distributed into the various irregular discontinuities. Sculptured lines of the Buddha were uncertain because of degradation and exfoliations on the rock surface. The surface near the Buddha statue is highly contaminated with lichen and mosses, and accelerate physical and biological weathering owing to the roots of weed and bush along the fracture systems. For the conservational treatment, we treated with primary wet cleaning by air gun and secondary cleaning treatment using distilled water. Separated rock surface and fractured parts fasten and/or fill up the boundaries of the rock blocks using epoxy resin for conservation of rock properties. Some brittle surface was treatment with water repellent consolidant of ethyl silicates, and heterogeneous surface carried out color matching by acrylic pigments. Upper part of the Buddha statue dig out small ditch for rain water drainage, and near surface of the Buddha statue treat removal works for lichen, weeds and bush. The duration capacity of the Buddha constituting rocks are degraded by various weathering factors, therefore we suggest that this Buddha statue have need to do long term monitoring and synthetic conservation researches.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

The rocks of the five storied stone pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji temple site are 149 materials in total with porphyritic biotite granodiorite. They include pegmatite veinlet, basic xenolith and evenly developed plagioclase porphyry. This stone pagoda has comparably small fracture and cracks which are farmed in the times of rock properties, but surface exfoliation and granular decomposition are in process actively since the rocks are generally weakened from the influence of air contaminants and acid rain. Structural instability of constituting rocks in the 4th roof materials are observed to occur from distortion and tilt. Such instability is judged to threat stability of the upper part of the stone pagoda. Also, chemical weathering is operating even more as the contaminants, ferro-manganese hydroxides eluted from water-rock interaction on the rock surface. Most of the rock surface is covered with yellowish brown, dark black and light gray contaminants, and especially occur in the lower part of the roof rocks on each floor. The roof underpinning rocks are severe in surface pigmentation from manganese hydroxides and light gray contaminants. The surface of rocks lives bacteria. algae, lichen, or moss and diverse productions in colors of light gray, dark Bray and dark green. Grayish white crustose lichen grows thick on the surface with darkly discolored by fungi and algae in the first stage on basement rocks, and weeds grows wild on the upper part of each roof rocks. This stone pagoda must closely observe the movements of the upper part rock materials through minute safety diagnosis and long term monitoring for structural stability. Especially since the surface discoloration of rocks and pigmentation of secondary contaminants are severe, establishment of general restoration and scientific conservation treatment are necessary through more detailed study for this stone pagoda.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.31-60
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• 1997

Stone-cultural-properties, distributed in Naju, Hwasun and a part of Jangheung, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics, rock weathering and phases in the geological and conservational points of view. The properities involve pagoda and twelve stupas, four stone-buddha, three stone monuments, two stone-lantern, four stone-Jangseung, one and flag-pole. The rocks used are mainly pebble-bearing tuffaceous rocks of the Cretaceous age which are widely distributed in the area. However, granites are also used in some properties. These rocks are strongly influenced by weathering and pervasive moss. The mottled rock surfaces in some properties are in colors due to pervasive moss different. Parts of some cultural properties are broken which results in structurally unstable. Cultural properties in the area are relatively well conserved at the earth consolidated by ramming and by iron fence. However some cultural properties are partly repaired by using other hinds of rock phases which results in different colors in weathered rock surface. For conservation, rock phases, weathered surface colors, and relationships with original parts must be scientifically considered in repairment forward.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2008

About 17% of historical properties in Korea were made of stones and most of them are exposed to weathering, as such that discoloring, cracking, and shattering occur from physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological effects due to outdoor placement. Proper treatments for conservation are necessary to prevent the weathering damage and to retain the original shape of stones. MMA, an acrylic monomer having low viscosity can be impregnated deep inside stones by consecutive compression and decompression process in a pressurized vessel. After the polymerization of MMA impregnate, the space inside of the stone was filled with PMMA. It is expected that water repellent and weather resistant properties will be improved because of the improved bonding of constituent materials in stones. In this study, moisture absorption, chemical resistance, and mechanical property of two domestic granites were examined after treating them with MMA for the purpose of determining the conservation value of this method that was possibly useful to the conservation of stone cultural assets.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.17 s.17
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• pp.5-18
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• 2005

Rock materials of the Stone Lantern in the Gwanchoksa temple was composed of dark grey granodiorite. This Stone Lantern is partly structural distortion as S-shape, especially, rocks of the upper supports and under the roof materials were highly deterioration due to the surface exfoliation, and strong secondary contaminations owing to the discoloration by oxidation of inserted iron plates between the rock properties, and white grey to dark black contaminants along the rain path way. Rock surface of the Stone Lantern occurred as partly green patches because of coated by algae, lichen and moss. This biological problems are need for cleaning and treatments. The Stone Lantern have to be considered to conservation method that can reduce weathering factors with long-term monitoring about environmental change for structural stability, surface degradation and mechanical weathering. Materials of the Stone Lantern and basement rocks of the area are consisted of same petrogenetic granodiotite based on occurrences, petrological and geochemical characteristics.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.18 s.18
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• pp.19-32
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• 2006

The stone pagoda of the Bunhwangsa temple made by piling small brick-shaped stones. The major rock forming stone bricks are andesites with variable genesis. Rock properties of the pagoda roof stone suffer partly including multiple peel-offs, exfoliation, decomposition like onion peels, cracks forming round lines and falling off stone pieces. The stylobates and tabernacles in all the four directions the pagoda are mostly composed of granitic rocks. Those rock properties are heavily contaminated by lichens and mosses with the often marks of inorganic contamination by secondary hydrates that are dark black or yellowish brown. Within the four tabernacles and northern pagoda body situated to relatively high humidity. There are even light gray precipitate looking like stalactites between the northern and western rocks of the body Their major minerals are calcite, gypsum and clays. The stone lion standing in the southeast and northeast side are alkali granite, while that in the southwest and northwest lithic tuff. Total rock properties of the pagoda are 9,708 pieces, among the all properties, fractured blocks are 11.0%, fall out blocks are 6.7% and covered blocks by precipitates are 7.0%, respectively. The pagoda has highly deteriorated the functions of the rock properties due to physical, chemical and biological weathering, therefore, we suggest that this pagoda has need to do long term monitoring and synthetic conservation researches.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.629-641
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• 2006

The Standing Buddha Statue in the Gwanchoksa temple consists of medium to coarse grained biotite granodiorite with dark grey color, and it has a week gneissosity along the pegmatite veins. The results of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical patterns of the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and the basement rock suggest that both values are formed from the co-genetic magma with the same differentiation process. The CIAs of the basement rock and the Standing Buddha Statue are calculated to 51.43 and 50.86, and the WPIs are estimated 4.52 and 8.95, respectively. So the weathering potential from the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and basement rock prove to be high. The Standing Buddha Statue is terribly damaged with physical weathering from deterioration and exfoliation, and are scattered with secondary pollutant and precipitate. Basement rock is also in danger of ground collapse because of irregularly developed discontinuity system. Most surface of Standing Buddha Statue is seriously discolored into yellowish brown and dark gray, or black precipitates are also formed. Moreover, it is heavily covered with crustose lichen, fungi and algae, or moss are also found. In order to control the influential factors with the complex deterioration of Standing Buddha Statue, it is needed to rearrange a site environments, and conservation scientific management is required to protect it from covering lichens, exfoliations and fractures.