Journal of Conservation Science (보존과학회지)

The Korean Society Of Conservation Science For Cultural Heritage (한국문화재보존과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Weathering Characteristics according to Seawater Immersion of the Magai Wareiishi Jizo (Buddhist Statue Carved on Rock Surface) in Hiroshima, Japan

일본 히로시마현 마애화령석지장(磨崖和靈石地藏)의 해수 침수에 의한 풍화특성

  • Lee, Sun Myung (Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Lee, Myeong Seong (Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Chun, Yu Gun (Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Lee, Jae Man (Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Morii, Masayuki (Center for Conservation Science and Restoration Techniques, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties)
  • 이선명 (국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실) ;
  • 이명성 (국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실) ;
  • 전유근 (국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실) ;
  • 이재만 (국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실) ;
  • Received : 2012.08.01
  • Accepted : 2012.11.26
  • Published : 2012.12.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Magai Wareiishi Jizo (Buddhist statue carved on rock surface) is close to shoreline and a part of rock block is periodically immersed by seawater. Rock material of the Wareiishi-jizo statue is composed mainly of medium or coarse-grained biotite granite and very durable. However, physical properties of the rock have been changed according to the complex interactions of the salt solution and surrounding environment. Exfoliation of the rock surface is a serious condition by salt crystallization. Exfoliation (14.6%) is concentrated on the upper part of the rock block with mainly boundary of seawater as the center. On the other hand, lower part of the rock block show black layers by contaminants deposition. In addition, brown discoloration and biological contaminants is overlapped. Rock surface show high discoloration rate of 50.5% (black discoloration, 29.2% > yellow discoloration, 14.1% > brown discoloration, 4.4% > green discoloration, 2.9%). Upper part of the rock block had a lot of change in the physical properties than lower part that is immersed by seawater. In particular, surface properties of the rock block was very weak state at the boundary surface of seawater permeation.

마애화령석지장은 해안가에 인접해 있고 해수에 의해 주기적으로 일정 부분이 침수되는 특수한 입지적 조건에 있다. 마애불을 구성하는 암석은 중립질 또는 조립질을 띠는 흑운모화강암으로 내구성이 강한 편이나, 암석 내부에 침투한 염용액과 주변 환경과의 복잡한 상호작용에 의해 구성암석의 색과 강도 및 내구성 등 물성이 변화된 상태이다. 마애불을 이루는 암석은 염(NaCl)결정화 작용에 의한 표면층 박리박락이 심각하다. 박리박락(14.6%)은 해수의 주요 경계면을 중심으로 대기에 상시 노출되는 상부에 집중되어 있다. 반면, 해수에 의해 주기적으로 침수되는 암괴 하부는 오염물이 침착되어 흑화층을 나타내며 이와 함께 갈색변색과 생물오염이 중첩된 상태이다. 표면 오염 및 변질은 흑색 변색(29.2%), 황색 변색(14.1%), 갈색 변색(4.4%), 녹색 변색(2.9%)의 순으로 높은 훼손율(50.5%)을 나타냈다. 또한 해수면을 경계로 상부가 해수에 침수되는 하부보다 초음파 속도가 낮고 편차가 커 많은 물성 변화가 있었음을 알 수 있으며, 특히 해수 침투 경계면의 표면 물성이 취약함을 확인하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Lee, C.H., Chung, Y.S., Kim, J. and Lee, J.E., "Behavior interpretation and secondary degradation of the standing sculptured Buddha at the Yongamsa Temple, Ogcheon, Korea". Journal of Conservation Science, 17, p83-94, (2005).
  2. Lee, C.H., Lee, M.S. and Suh, M., "Safety interpretations of the discontinuity and weathering characteristics of the Gaheungri Triple Buddha, Yeongju, Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 41, p401-413, (2005).
  3. Lee, C.H., Jo, Y.H. and Kim, J., "Damage evaluation and conservation treatment of the tenth century Korean rock-carved Buddha statue". Environmental Earth Science, 64, p1-14, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0809-7
  4. Jo, J.H., Jo, Y.H., Chun, Y.G., Choi, J.H. and Lee, C.H., "Precisely nondestructive diagnosis and slope stability of the Bonghwa Bukjiri Maaeyeoraejwasang(rock-carved seated Buddha statue), Korea". Journal of Conservation Science, 26, p121-132, (2010).
  5. Lee, S.M., Lee, C.H. and Kim, J., "Detailed deterioration evaluation and analysis of conservation environment for the Seosanmaaesamjonbulsang(rock-carved triad Buddha in Seosan), Korea". Journal of Conservation Science, 26, p277-294, (2010).
  6. Lee, S.M., Jun, B.K., Shin, E.J. and Lee, C.H., "Detailed deterioration diagnosis and analysis of site environment for the Taean Dongmunri Maaesamjonbulipsang (rock-carved standing triad Buddha statue), Korea". Journal of Conservation Science, 27, p381-393, (2011).
  7. Jo, J.H., Lee, C.H., Kim, J. and Morii, M., "Deterioration evaluation and material characteristics of the Usuki Stone Buddha Statues in Oita, Japan". Journal of Conservation Science, 28, p39-52, (2012). https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2012.28.1.039
  8. Kim, S.S. and Park, H.D., "Effect of salt crystallization on stone durability". Economic and Environmental Geology, 32, p203-208, (1999).
  9. Min, K.W., Chin, H.I. and Park, J.D., "Deterioration of stone materials by salt weathering". Journal of Advanced Mineral Aggregate Composites, 8, p3-8, (2003).
  10. Lee, C.H., Chun, Y.G., Jo, Y.H. and Suh, M., "Evaluation of slope stability and deterioration degree for Bangudae Petroglyphs in Ulsan, Korea". Journal of Conservation Science, 28, p153-164, (2012). https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2012.28.2.153
  11. Yoo, J.H., Lee, C.H. and Eo, E.I., "Evaluation of deterioration diagnosis and conservation environments of the large and the giant dinosaur footprint fossils in Haenam Uhangri, Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 48, p325-340, (2012).
  12. Mihara, "Conservation report of Wareishi-jizou statue carved on rock surface in Hiroshima". p30, (2012).
  13. Barton, N. and Choubey, V., "The Shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice". Rock Mechanics, 10, p1-54, (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01261801
  14. Goudie, A. and Viles, H., "Salt weathering Hazards". John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, (1997).
  15. Winkler, E.M., "Stone in architecture", 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, New york, p166, 315, (1994).
  16. Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P., Menendez, B., Benavente, D., Harris, I., Deque, M., "Climatology of salt transitions and implications for stone weathering". Science of the Total Environment, 409, p2577-2585, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.029
  17. Benavente, D., Sanchez-Moral, S., Fernandez-Cortes, A., Canaveras, J.C., Elez, J. and Saiz-Jimenez., "Salt damage and microclimate in the Postumius Tomb, Roman Necropolis of Carmona, Spain". Environmental Earth Sciences, 63, p1529-1543, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0815-9
  18. Cooke, C.W. and Smalley, I.J., "Salt weathering in deserts". Nature, 220, p1226-1227, (1968). https://doi.org/10.1038/2201226a0

Cited by

  1. Utilization of Hyperspectral Image Analysis for Monitoring of Stone Cultural Heritages vol.31, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2015.31.4.07
  2. Forming Process of Surface Contaminants on Ten-story Stone Pagoda of Wongaksa Temple, Seoul vol.32, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2016.32.3.07