• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.161-175
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• 2014

Objectives: This study investigates the prevalence of suicide ideation and its the related factors by gender among Korean adults. Methods: National cross-sectional data from the database of the first and second year of $5^{th}$ Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1, V-2) were used for this study. 13,165 adults (${\geq}20$ years) were included in this analysis. Results: The prevalence of suicide ideation was 9.8% for men, 18.9% for women. Renal failure, depression, melancholy, stress, perceived health status, and smoking were significant risk factors among both men and women for suicide ideation. Divorced, separated or widowed of marital status and severe physical activity were related factors of suicide ideation for men. Low educational attainment, and alcohol dependency were associated factors of suicide ideation for women. Conclusions: There was gender difference of prevalence and risk factors of suicide ideation. These gender differences should be considered for planning and implementing suicide prevention program.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.105-144
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• 2013

This study intended to provide fundamental data to take countermeasures against recurrent stress by analyzing the health-related quality of life and factors for recurrent stress of alcohol dependents. Structured questionnaire was prepared for patients who quitted drinking after they had been hospitalized for alcohol dependence to take medical treatment but suffered recurrence, and analysis on health-related quality of life and environmental factors with drinking risk was conducted. The quality of life was at a relatively satisfactory level, where pain was found at the highest level and general health condition was found at the lowest level. Environmental factors with drinking risk were found to be a moderate level, drinking for the reason of family and friends in terms of complications with other persons was found to be highest, and then job, self control, bad emotions, and social pressure on drinking were found in order. For health-related quality of life, the quality of life was found to be high in case of the only son, professional job, well-educated persons, and no history of hospitalization. Regarding factors for recurrent stress, stress was found to be high in case of the eldest son and being without religion, and the lower was the quality of life, the higher were recurrent stress and environmental factors with drinking risk. It was found that demographic factors including age, marriage, and job influenced the recurrence of alcohol dependence, and factors for recurrent stress, etc. also influenced recurrent alcohol dependence with drinking risks. Specially, the lower was the quality of life, the higher were factors for recurrent stress, and drinking risks, therefore measures to improve the quality of life are required to be taken to prevent alcohol dependence from recurrence.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2006

Poly[1-(cholesteryloxycarbonyloxy)ethylene](PCOE) and poly[1-(cholesteryloxycarbonylheptanoyloxy)ethylene] (PCOSE) were prepared by reacting poly(vinyl alcohol) with cholesteryl chloroformate or 8-cholesteryloxycarbonylheptanoly] chloride (CH8C), and their thermal and optical properties were investigated. CH8C formed a monotropic cholesteric phase whereas PCOE and PCOSE exihibited enantiotropic cholesteric phases. Like in the case of CH8C, the optical pitch $(\lambda_m)$ of PCOSE decreased with increasing temperature. PCOE, contrast with PCOSE, did not display reflection colors, suggesting that the helical twisting power or the cholesteryl group highly depends on the length or the spacer joining the cholesteryl group to the main chain. The mesophase properties of PCOE and PCOSE were entirely different from those of poly $(cholesteryl-\omega-acryloyloxyalkanoates)$. The results indicate that the mode of chemical linkage of the side chain group with the main chain plays an important role in the formation, stabilization, and temperature dependence of $\lambda_m$ of the cholesteric mesophase.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-78
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• 2003

The researcher examined the relationship between dating violence and drinking behaviors. Study participants included 440 Korean College students(184 males and 256 females) currently involved in heterosexual dating relationships. Participants' ages ranged from 17 to 30(M=20.08, SD=1.89). Questionnaires and psychological tests used included: Straus' Conflict Tactics Scale, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT), Cooper's Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire(DMQ), and Index of Family Alcohol Use. Research designs were 2(gender) × 2(experience of inflicting dating violence), i.e. 2-way MANOVAs. Results suggest students who drink one or more times a week are more likely to commit acts of violence toward their dating partners than students drinking less often. The study revealed males tend to drink with higher social, enhancement, conformity and coping motives than females. The study also showed that students inflicting dating violence drank with higher coping motives than students who did not. Males showed more hazardous, dependent and harmful drinking patterns than females. Also, students who had inflicted dating violence showed a higher degree of these characteristics (hazardous, dependent and harmful drinking patterns) along with a greater family history of alcohol use than participants who had not inflicted dating violence. The findings showed significant 2-way interactions in dependent and harmful drinking patterns. Simple main effect analysis revealed that differences in dependent and harmful drinking patterns in males are more significant than the same differences in females.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the necessity of providing new perspectives by conveying the various psychological changes and realities experienced by victims of incest sexual violence after the incident, And it is meaningful to understand and record it through. The results of the analysis through the phenomenological methodology are as follows: First, participants were disturbed by the emotional neglect of their parents and forced violence, threats, and silence by their family members, resulting in disbelief in interpersonal relationships and low self-esteem and suffered constant difficulties in daily life. Second, the suffering and aftereffects of sexual violence experienced the conflict of roles by repeating the real maladjustment and social activity avoidance as the fear of being informed about the event, the negative thought about oneself, and the difficulty of interpersonal relationship. Third, the aftereffects of incest sexual violence in childhood·adolescence were found to be extreme with regard to PTSD. The PTSD experience has become a factor that forces participants to rely on substances, such as psychiatric medications and alcohol, and further avoids external activities with hallucinations and delusions. Fourth, the change through the adaptation process is a new perspective on life, facing and separating the events. During the adaptation program, they tried to express their words and feelings that they could not express because of the past hurts, to set goals for living their life, and to move forward. The experience of overcoming reality has enhanced participants' confidence in self-esteem, self-efficacy, and healthy self-control ability. In this study, it is meaningful to suggest a model in which the incest sexual violence trauma is reexperienced through the new daily crisis and the new adaptation process is repeated for each process.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives: This study is to investigate the prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults aged 20 years and above. Methods: From the database of the $5^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted in 2010, data of 5,670 adults who responded to all the questionnaires of health interview and had metabolic syndrome in the health examination were included in this analysis. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules and commands. Results: The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome based on the criteria proposed by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was 18.8%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in each group was: 20.7% of women, 43.1% among elderly over 70 years old, 40.6% of the divorced or the separated, 27.6% of recipients of economic support from the government, 23.6% of people who had alcohol dependency problem, and 43.7% of overweight or obese adults. Independent risk factors based on the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was associated with female (odds ratio 1.59 [95% confidence interval 1.20-2.11]), age (50s 3.95 [2.11-7.37], 60s 5.62 [2.98-10.61], 70s 10.56 [5.25-21.25]), high school education (0.52 [0.37-0.74]), clerk occupation (2.14 [1.27-3.60]), divorced marital status (1.72 [1.15-2.59]), alcohol dependency (1.86 [1.16-2.98]), higher BMI (14.08 [10.60-18.70]). Conclusions: The metabolic syndrome is prevalent among Korean adult population according to IDF criteria. Several demographic characteristics and potentially modifiable factors are associated with metabolic syndrome. Identification of this high-risk group and management of these modifiable factors are warranted to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.16
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• pp.71-107
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• 2001

미국에서 이루어진 인터넷 중독 현상에 대한 초기 연구는 인터넷 중독을 알코올중독과 같은 개인의 정신적 질병으로 간주하는 의사들에 의해 주도되었다. 그러나 사회현상으로서 인터넷 중독에 대한 사회과학자들의 관심이 증대되면서 인터넷 중독의 원인을 밝히는 본격적인 연구가 이루어진다. 인터넷 이용과 초고속 인터넷 망 보급속도에서 세계최고 수준을 자랑하는 우리의 경우에도 인터넷 이용에 따른 많은 부정적인 현상들이 나타남으로써 사회적인 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 따라 인터넷 중독에 대한 일부 연구가 수행되었는데 이들 연구들은 인터넷 이용패턴과 이용동기를 개별적으로 분석하고 인터넷 중독정도를 측정하는 차원에 머물고 있다. 즉, 인터넷 중독의 원인을 분석하는 차원에 이르지 못하고 있다. 또한 대부분의 연구들이 10대 청소년을 연구대상으로 하고 있기 때문에 다른 연령층의 인터넷 이용특성을 파악하는 데 한계를 가지고 있다. 이 같은 현실 인식을 바탕으로 본 연구는 2000년에 발표된 한국전산원 통계수치에서 인터넷을 가장 많이 이용하는 집단으로 조사된 대학생들을 연구대상으로, (1) 이들의 인터넷 이용패턴과 이용동기를 밝히고 (2) 이들 변인들과 인터넷 중독과의 상호관련성을 분석하며 (3) 인터넷 중독의 정도와 중독요인을 조사하고 (4) 마지막으로 인터넷 이용이 다른 미디어 이용과 면대면 커뮤니케이션에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 있다. 본 연구의 자료는 2000년 5월 8일부터 19일까지 2주간에 걸쳐 서울시내 대학생들을 대상으로 강의시간에 설문지를 배포하고 응답자가 설문지에 답하는 방법을 통해 수집되었다. 수집된 556명의 설문지 가운데 유효한 512명의 설문지가 통계적인 방법을 통해 분석되었다. 설문지는 (1) 인터넷 이용패턴 (2) 인터넷 이용 동기 (3) 인터넷 의존도 (4) 인터넷 이용 이후 다른 미디어 이용정도 (5) 인터넷 이용 이후 면대면 커뮤니케이션 정도 (6) 인구통계학적 변인을 측정하는 질문 내용으로 구성되었다. 통계 분석 후 나타난 몇 가지 주요결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. (1) 이용동기와 인터넷 이용과의 상호관련성 이용동기를 요인 분석한 결과, 6개의 이용동기가 나타났는데 오락이 가장 주요한 동기였으며 다음으로 교육/정보, 현실도피, 외로움, 쇼핑, 그리고 성적 만족 순으로 나타났다. 이용 동기들을 인터넷 이용시간과의 상호관련성을 통계 분석한 결과 기존 연구결과와 달리 성적 만족이 6가지 요인 가운데 가장 낮은 상호관련성을 보였다. 또한 이용동기 분석에서 두 번째 높게 나타난 교육/정보 역시 성적 만족 다음으로 낮은 상호관련성을 보여주었다. 이는 대학생들의 인터넷 이용이 10대들의 인터넷 이용형태와 상당히 다르다는 것을 보여주는 것으로 본 연구에서는 수행하지 못한 이 같은 결과가 나오게 된 이유를 밝히는 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다. (2) 인터넷 이용동기와 인터넷 서비스와의 상호관련성 '오락은 게임, 토론그룹, 전자메일, 채팅과 상호관련을 가진 것으로 나타났으며, 교육/정보는 검색과 쇼핑, 현실도피는 게임과 토론그룹, 외로움은 토론그룹, 전자메일과 채팅, 쇼핑은 온라인 쇼핑과 상호관련성이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 흥미로운 사실은 성적 만족과 관련해서 게임과 채팅은 긍정적인 상호관련을 가진 것으로 나타난 반면 전자메일 서비스 이용은 성적 만족과 부정적인 상호관련을 가진 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 대학생들이 지루하게 느끼거나 외로움을 느낄 때 전자메일을 주로 이용하지만 성적 만족을 위해 전자메일을 이용하지 않고 있다는 사실을 보여주는 것이다. (3) 인터넷 이용 이후 다른 미디어와 면대면 커뮤니케이션과의 관계 인터넷을 이용한 후 응답자들의 전통적인 미디어(텔레비전, 라디오, 신문, 잡지, 편지, 전화) 이용이 감소되었으며 친구, 가족, 이성친구와의 면대면 커뮤니케이션 역시 감소된 것으로 나타났는데 이 같은 감소가 인터넷 이용과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. (4) 인터넷 중독 정도와 중독 요인 10대들을 대상으로 한 기존 연구에서 나타난 인터넷 중독 현상이 대학생 집단에서는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 응답자의 28.5%가 중독집단으로 발전될 가능성을 가진 잠재적인 인터넷 의존자(Moderate Internet Dependent)로 조사되었다. 인터넷 중독을 설명하는 요인으로 이용동기 가운데 오락, 외로움과 현실도피가 주요 변인으로 나타났으며 인터넷 이용시간 역시 주요변인으로 분석되었다. 흥미 있는 결과는 선행연구에서 인터넷 중독과 밀접한 관련 있는 인터넷 서비스로 조사된 게임과 채팅이 주요변인으로 나타나지 않았다는 것이다. 또한 인터넷 이용동기와 이용시간과의 상호관련 조사 결과에서처럼 전자메일서비스는 인터넷 중독과 부정적인 관계가 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.605-634
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate families' responses and attitudes and the experiences of Korean LGBT individuals after revealing their sexual identity and sexual orientation and to determine how families' attitudes affected the mental health of these individuals. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were performed with 12 male and female LGBT participants, ranging from 19-30 years of age, who resided in Seoul and metropolitan areas, and reported coming out to or being outed by their families. One-to-one interviews were carried out using semi-structured questions, and the data from the interviews were analyzed using consensual qualitative research (CQR). Most of the families had very negative responses and attitudes to the participants coming out and exhibited rejection or avoidant attitudes; only a few of the families responded with receptive attitudes. As a result, the LGBT participants reacted with friction and coping behaviors, such as persuasion, participation in professional counseling, abandonment or avoidance, and running away from home. Most of the effects of the families' attitudes on the participants were negative psychological effects, such as anger, sadness, a sense of alienation, depression, anxiety, fear, trauma, helplessness, lowered self-esteem, alcohol dependence, and suicidal ideation and attempt, while receptive attitudes provided a sense of stability. For all participants, they reported that they were more likely to be hurt by their families' negative attitudes than by social attitudes. This study is significant because it provides framework for specifying families' attitudes and LGBT individuals' experiences after coming out in Korean society. It also outlines LGBT individuals' coping behaviors, psychological difficulties, and the process of coming out and provides suggestions for individuals to overcome. The results are expected to help counselors create practical strategies to better understand LGBT individuals and the psychological difficulties they may experience and provide proper interventions while counseling both the individual and the family.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2012

As alcohol use is one of the most important risk factors for injuries, this study was intended to clarify and evaluate any relationship between drinking patterns and the incidence rates/specific characteristics of injuries in adult populations, using a widely accepted tool, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (chronic alcohol drinking behaviors measurement, hereinafter the AUDIT) developed by the World Health Organization to help to assess the behaviors in a more accurate and reliable manner. This study used the data collected from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), in which 7,511 of 7,893 adult participants aged ${\geq}19$ years answered the questions about injuries, and excluding 104 non-respondents, 6,258 of participants in the questionnaire survey of drinking patterns were finally analyzed. The incidence rates and specific characteristics of injuries as classified by the AUDIT categories (i.e., body regions, types and mechanisms) were assessed and estimated in terms of their relative risk using t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. SPSS 19.0 statistical package software was employed for statistical analyses. These analyses indicate that the incidence rates of overall injuries were significantly higher in male respondents than in female respondents. The risks of alcohol use related injuries were 8.3 times higher in male respondents than in female ones. Regarding educational background, high school graduates showed the highest rates in the AUDIT with significant difference from the other groups. The married group and the group of respondents having monthly income estimated at KRW 2.01 to 3 million also showed the highest rates in the AUDIT compared to the other groups, indicating statistically significant difference. Significantly increased in problematic drinkers and those with alcohol dependence, the incidence rate of injuries body regions was 0.0371 in the head/neck, and with respect to the AUDIT and the mechanisms of external causes of injuries, transport accidents ranked first, followed by slippage, others, crash and fall. In regard to the classified types of injuries, it was statistically significant in others (e.g., laceration, contusion, addiction, or penetrating wound). In conclusion, the mechanisms of external causes of injuries as well as injuries attributed to alcohol use are very important, and a strategy is required to reduce such the injuries in the manner of decreasing the frequency of drinking after motivation by professional counsellors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.772-783
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between depressed mood and life style patterns, including smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical inactivity in Koreans aged 40 years, which is a critical life transition period. Based on the Life Transition Period Health Examination at the Korea Association of Health Promotion conducted in 2011 (n=27,684), participants were categorized into a depressed mood group and a non-depressed mood group based on the results of the Primary Mental Health Questionnaire. The depressed mood group showed higher tendency for smoking compared to the non-depressed mood group. Current and ex-smokers were about twice as likely to have a depressed mood as the non-smokers. The prevalence of nicotine dependency was significantly higher in the depressed mood group. The number of days and amount of alcohol consumption were significantly correlated with depressed mood. The prevalence of alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse was higher in the depressed mood group than in the non-depressed mood group. The frequency of high-intensity exercise per week was negatively correlated with the number of people with a depressed mood. This study showed the significant relationships between depressed mood and smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity in adults during an important life transition period. This implies that the development of proper lifestyle intervention or education may be needed to prevent depressed moods in this age group.