• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2000

This study was carried out to get the basic data on the efficient processing method of food wastes for utilizing as the resources of swine feeds composition, mineral and toxic elements of food waste were estimated in relation to the steps of processing and fermentation with MS (Miraculous soil-bacteria) microorganism complex. The chemical composition of food wastes was largely varied according to disposing sites, collection time and season. Offensive odor was reduced by anaerobic fermentation with MS microorganism complex. Food wastes fermented with MS microorganism complex have high contents in crude protein (24.1% D.M) and crude fat (12.9% D.M). Mineral composition was to be relatively well balanced compared to other plant or animal feed resources. Particularly the content of sodium was slightly higher than that of grains or agricultural byproducts. In food wastes fermented with MS microorganism complex, heavy metals such as Hg, As or F were not detected. Pb or Cd were detected in small quantities but their levels were below the dose s-permitted feeding standard of permitted dose in feeding standard. These results indicated that food wastes could be efficiently used for the resources of swine feeds through proper processing and fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.141-149
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• 1993

In order to develop a poultry manure dryer, a pilot dryer was designed and drying experiments were conducted to investigate the drying characteristics of poultry manure. According to the results, the pilot dryer could be operated without any air pollution problems. When poultry manure was dried from 79.2%(w.b. basis) moisture content, the final moisture content ranged from 38.7% to 57.9% depending upon the drying conditions. The drying results showed that drying rate was 189.8~198.0 kg/h and moisture evaporation rate was 124.0~125.4kg-$H_2$O/L. For this drying, electricity requirement was 9.5~19.3 Wh/kg and fuel consumption rate was 6.9~9.3 kg-$H_2$O/L with 50.2~65.1% thermal efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2022

한국농어촌공사 산하의 농업용저수지 중 3786개소에 대한 수질조사를 '19년도에 실시한 결과, TOC 기준 4등급 초과 저수지 비율은 약 20%로써, 도심 근교 저수지에서 녹조현상 빈발로 인해 수질, 악취, 미관 등의 환경문제 개선 민원이 다수 발생하고 있다. 현재 녹조 발생 사후관리를 위해 주로 사용되고 있는 대형 조류제거선은 저수심 수변부에서의 적용성에 한계가 있고, Al 기반의 응집제를 사용하여 조류를 수거해서 폐기하고 있는 실정이다. (주)이엔이티는 농어촌연구원, (주)코레드, (주)삼호인넷과 함께 호소나 정체하천의 수변지역에 적용될 수 있는 저에너지형 유해조류 포집시스템 개발과, 수거된 조류부산물을 무독화하여 농업재료로 재활용하는 방안을 연구하고 있다. 저수지나 정체수역의 녹조는 바람, 수면유동 등에 의해 수변에 집적되는 특성이 있어, 인공지능 기술로 녹조현상을 감시하여 조류 밀집구간에 접근할 수 있는 자율이동식 수상이동장치를 개발 중이다. 수상이동장치는 조류포집장치를 탑재하기 위한 부력체, 원격 운전이 가능한 무인항법장치, 수변식생대 및 저수심지역 이동을 고려한 수차방식 추진체, 전체 장치의 전원 공급을 위한 고성능 배터리 등으로 구성하여 상세 도면 설계를 진행하고 있다. 조류포집장치에는 표층에 주로 분포하는 남조류를 선택 흡입하는 포집 부표를 적용하였고, Al계 응집제 사용을 배제한 분리막 실험을 통해 침지형 막분리조 및 가압형 농축조를 설계하였다. 유해조류 포집 및 농축은 수상에서 이동체에 탑재하여 이뤄지고, 육상에서는 자원 회수가 가능하도록 회분식 응집공정으로 구분하였다. 조류 밀집지역에서 수거된 조류의 무독화 및 농업재료 자원화 타당성 평가를 위해 특용 버섯균주를 활용한 시료별 분석항목을 선정하고 실험 매트릭스에 따라 실증실험을 수행하였다. 수거조류를 전처리하여 성분 및 발열량을 분석하고 버섯재배 전후의 마이크로시스틴 독소(LR, RR, LR)를 포함한 성분 분석을 수행하여, 고체연료, 비료 및 사료로 활용방안을 검토하였다. 무인자율이동 조류포집장치는 실증화 규모로 제작하여 기선정된 테스트베드에서 현장적용성 평가를 수행할 예정이다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 유해조류 포집 시스템은 기존의 녹조제거 방안을 보완하여 정체수역의 생태계 복원 및 친수공간의 환경개선 등에 적용되며, 무독화가 입증된 유해조류의 농업재료 자원화 기술은 고부가 상품 개발 및 환경폐기물 감축에 활용될 것이다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.447-459
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• 2012

In this study, the emission characteristics of volatile and odorant species released from salted meat product (Spam) was investigated as a function of time. Gas samples released from Spam samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC) and sulfur compounds (RSC) at five different times for the elapsed (E) days of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 (E-0 to E-9) by GC/MS and GC/PFPD system, respectively. Results indicated that reduced sulfur, aldehyde, and ketone groups were the dominant odorants. Especially, hydrogen sulfide was the predominant in concentration and odor activity value (OAV) during the fresh stage. Its concentration was 1465 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (60.0% of the total mass) in E-0 and 455 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (28.0%) in E-1, while its OAV was 19.4 (78.3%: E-0) and 6.02 (41.7%: E-1). On the other hand, the concentration of acetone showed the maximum values in the decaying stage (E-3: 451 (43.2%), E-6: 369 (64.2%), and E-9: 1150 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (70.2%)). Furthermore, the concentration of 2,3-butanedione was also detected considerably from decaying sample (E-3: 17.6 (1.68%), E-6: 16.1 (2.80%), and E-9: 179 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (10.9%)). However, OAV of acetone was insignificant (<0.01%) in the decaying stage, while that of 2,3-butanedione was relatively high in the range of 1.14-11.6 (14.5-76.2% of ${\Sigma}OAV$). It thus confirmed that the major odorant groups generated from Spam samples changed with the progress of decay such as sulfur (fresh stage), aldehyde (intermediate stage), and ketone compounds (decaying stage).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 1995

One of alternative conventional technologies used for treatment of livestock wastes is composting process, and recently some mechanical composting processes are being practiced. It is, however, recognized the composting process also has its own limitations such as longer time requirement, and difficulties to estimate the degree of decomposition, etc. The incomplete compost contains potentially harmful materials to crops and public health due to instabilized organic contents and pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this investigation is to develop an innovative system whereby anxious livestock wastes are thoroughly stabilized and disinfected. Thus the overall management scheme should meet the following requirements. 1. A system should be in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner. 2. Sludges must be chemically stabilized and bacteriologically safe. 3. Odor-free by product should be applied to crop land. 4. Sludges are sources of fertilizer nutrients and/or soil amendments to enhance crop production. 5. And they can be used as potential pH adjusting agent of the acidified soils. Overall effectiveness of the developed system is experimentally tested to satisfy the preset criteria and requirements. Major experiments are divided into four categories: they are 1. chemical stability test, 2. optimal condition test of stabilization process, 3. bacteriological examination and disinfection tests, and 4. deodorization tests The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and the drying process. Stabilized wastes is dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and drying process. Stabilized wastes are dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about 300g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. In the stabilization reaction process, the pH of wastes is lowered from initial values of 12.3 to 8.6. High pH prevents odor production and kills pathogenic organisms. Organic matter contents in the stabilized wastes are about 50% and the sum of contents of fertilizer elements such as total nitrogen, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ are about 5.3%. The livestock wastes that are stabilized chemically and hygienically can be used as a good soil conditioner and/or organic fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.112-117
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• 2000

Food waste is the main source of decay, odors and leachate in collection, transportation and landfill due to the high volatile solids (VS) and moisture content. Acidogenic fermentation of food waste is affected by the fermentation constraints including the biodegradability of substrate and the degrading capability of microorganisms. The biodegradability of food waste is mainly related to cellulosic materials, which are hardly degraded and comprise about 50% of food waste. The efficient and economical method of improving hydrolysis is, therefore, to apply microorganisms with increased cellulose-degrading capability. In this experiment, rumen microorganisms were inoculated to improve the low efficiency of acidogenic fermentation, and then compared with that of mesophilic acidogens. The fermentation of food waste in a leaching bed reactor employing rumen microorganisms resulted in the enhanced acidification (71.2% at $3.0d^{-1}$), which was higher than that (59.8% at $4.5d^{-1}$) employing mesophilic acidogens. This indicated that Rumen microorganisms had an enhanced waste-degrading capability.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 2004

Bacillus species were isolated from swine manure to develope the microbial additive suitable for the rapid com-posting. The 3 of 4 isolated strains were identified as Bacillus cereus KD-2, B. pumilus KD-3, and B. licheni-formis KD-4. Bacillus sp. KD-1 was, however, not highly identical with any Bacillus sp. The isolated strains were analyzed their growth rates, enzyme activities, and antibacterial activities. The maximum growth tem-peratures of KD-1, KD-2, KD-3 and KD-4 were $45^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $53^{\circ}C$, and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. The activities of pro-tease or amylase in mixed culture of 4 strains were similar in the range of $37^{\circ}C$ to $53^{\circ}C$ and activities of lipase in the range of $37^{\circ}C$ to $42^{\circ}C$ were twice higher than those of lipase in the range of $47^{\circ}C$ to $53^{\circ}C$. The antibacterial activity of KD-l, KD-2, or KD-3 against each other was not detected. That of KD-4 against KD-1, KD-2, or KD-3 was, however, detected. The organic compound and C/N ratio of compost fermented by the mixed culture were determined as 61.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The concentration of the ammonia gas was 12.35 mg/l in the liquid compost.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.981-986
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• 2007

현재 인천연안에는 홍수방지와 원활한 하천수 방류를 목적으로 많은 유수지가 설치되어 있다. 그러나 이들 유수지는 유역으로부터 유입된 오염물질의 축척으로 수질이 심각한 상태에 있으며 대부분의 유수지 수질이 5등급을 초과하는 등 악취에 의한 민원도 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 특히 이러한 유수지를 통해 저류되었던 유량이 해안으로 방류되면서 인천연안의 해양수질에 악영향을 미치게 되어 해양수질 개선에 큰 장애물이 되고 있는 것이 사실이다. 이러한 상황에서 최근 인천의 승기천, 장수천, 굴포천을 포함한 5대 하천복원사업이 활발히 진행되고 있는데, 특히 승기천의 경우 승기천 본류에 대한 하천복원사업이 성공적으로 마무리되기 위해서는 승기천 최하류에 위치하고 있는 남동유수지와 연계된 하천복원이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 그러나 현재 진행되고 있는 승기천 복원사업은 남동유수지와는 별도로 진행되고 있어 승기천의 성공적인 복원을 위해서는 남동유수지가 당면하고 있는 수질개선 문제, 퇴적된 저니의 준설 문제, 향후 남동유수지의 운영 개선방안 등에 대한 구체적인 해결방안이 필수적으로 마련되어야 한다. 과거 남동유수지의 수질을 개선하기 위하여 1996년과 1997년에 열대성 식물인 부레옥잠을 유수지에 식재하여 남동유수지의 자연정화를 유도하려는 시도가 있었으나, 예산의 과다소요와 동절기 정화능력 상실 및 부레옥잠 사멸시 2차 오염 초래의 문제 등으로 인하여 사업을 중단하였고 같은 해 유수지 퇴적물의 준설을 통한 수질개선도 시도하였으나, 퇴적물 성분 중에 함유된 중금속으로 인해 준설토의 처리문제가 해결되지 못해 사업이 유보되어 남동유수지는 현재까지 특별한 환경개선 방안이나 운영방안 없이 유지되고 있는 실정으로 남동유수지가 현재와 같은 상황으로 유지된다면 승기천 복원사업 종료 이후에도 남동유수지는 생활환경을 저해하는 지배적인 요인으로 남게 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 현재 진행중인 승기천 오염하천 정화사업이 종료되는 시점을 기준으로 남동유수지에 대해 승기천과 연계한 유수지의 환경개선 방법을 제안하였다. 준설을 통해 유수지의 근본적인 오염원을 제거하고 남동유수지 유입부에 인공습지와 수처리설비를 설치하여 유수지의 수질을 개선하고 개선된 수질이 3급수로 유지하도록 하였으며, 설치된 인공습지에는 철새도래지를 조성하여 유수지 유입수인 철새가 날아드는 하천인 승기천의 테마와 연계하도록 하였다. 인공습지 주변으로 식생호안을 설치하고 유수지 주변에는 산책로를 설치하여 지역주민들의 친환경 수변공간으로 활용하도록 하였다. 1유수지와 연결된 2유수지는 BTL사업을 통해 주변공단으로부터의 오폐수를 원천적으로 차단하도록 하였으며 2유수지를 매립하여 지하는 강우시 유출수 저류가 가능한 화물차주차장으로 활용하고 지상은 녹지공간으로 조성하여 공단근로자 및 지역주민을 위한 휴식공간으로 활용될 수 있도록 제안하였다. 본 연구는 남동유수지 환경 개선 사업 실행을 위한 정책 연구로 연구결과를 인천시가 적극 수용하기로 결정함에 따라 인천시의 환경 현안 문제인 남동유수지의 수질개선을 통해 시민의 휴식 및 여가선용 공간으로 활용하기 위한 사업의 기초자료로 활용되며 이미 설계검토가 시작되었다. 본 연구결과는 유수지 및 저수지의 환경개선 사업의 선두적인 성공사례로 국내 타 지역의 유사한 사업에 있어 벤치마킹을 할 수 있는 훌륭한 사례가 될 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.361-368
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial zeolite on the change of temperature, gas emission, water content and chemical properties during the composting process with the mixture of animal feces, broken bark and extruded rice hull. Artificial zeolite was added 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% volume of the raw composting material, and proceeded 1.2m every day with mobile stacking escalator. Temperature was increased, and water content was decreased in the composting pile by addition of artificial zeolite. This caused to accelerate decomposition of organic matter during composting. $NH_3$ was emitted the highest at 6th day after stacking, then decreased gradually. And addition of artificial zeolite caused to decrease greatly in $NH_3$ emission from composting pile. As result of this, content of nitrogen in the compost was increased by addition of artificial zeolite. Emission of $CH_4$ was the highest at early stacking stage, and that was decreased drastically at 8th day. Emission of $CH_4$ was also decreased greatly by addition of artificial zeolite at 5th days after stacking. It may be resulted from adsorption of $CH_4$ into the molecular sieve structure of artificial zeolite and low water content by high temperature fermentation.