• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-42
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• 1996

In order to study the effect of Sikbuntang on the in vitro Cell-cytotoxicity, this study had put through MTT Assay. And to investigate the effects of Sikbuntang on the ICR mice which had Abdominal tumor induced by Sarcoma-180 cell line, C57Bl/6 mice which had pulmonary melanoma induced by B16 cell line. After Sarcoma-180 cell line and B16 cell line were transplanted, the extract of Sikbuntang was orally administered to the mice to observe the extension of survival time of the mice, inhibition of solid tumor, inhibition of pulmonary melanoma metastasis, productivity of Interleukin-2, NK-Activity. The results were summarized as follows : 1. On the MTT assay, in case of $100{\mu}g/ml$ and $10{\mu}g/ml$ of Sikbuntang concentration were inhibited cell viability significantly. But $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Sikbuntang concentration just had tend to inhibit cell viability. 2. In the effect of life extension, Sikbuntang treated group appeared to survive longer than the control group, but which were not significant. 3. In the effect of inhibition solid tumor, Sikbuntang treated group appeared to decrease than the control group, but which were not significant. 4. In the effect of inhibition melanoma pulmonary metastasis, Sikbuntang treated group appeared to inhibit than the control group significantly. 5. In the productivity of Interleukin-2, on 7 and 14 day, Sikbuntang treated group increased than control group significantly. But on 21 day, Sikbuntang treated group had tend to increase with no significance. 6. In the NK-Activity, the ratio of effector cell and target cell. In case which the ratio was 50:1, Sikbuntang treated group showed increase than control group significantly. But in another cases, they showed increase with no significance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.512-517
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• 2005

Purpose : In adults, endoscopic tracheobronchial balloon dilatation and stenting have become valuable methods to establish and maintain an adequate airway lumen when tracheomalacia or neoplastic growth compromise the airways. But in children, only a few cases were reported due to technical problems. We report six children who were treated with stent implantation and describe the use and safety of airway stents. Methods : Six patients with severe airway obstruction were treated. We investigated the underlying medical problems, stenotic site, symptomatic improvement and complications, and the size and location of stent. Results : The median age of the six patients was 21 months. Three of them were mechanically ventilated and one had an endotracheal tube to maintain the patency of airway. Diagnoses were : congenital tracheal stenosis with or without bronchomalacia, granulation tissue formation after right upper lobectomy by bronchial carcinoid or after prolonged intubation, endobronchial tuberculosis, and airway compression by mediastinal undifferentiated sarcoma. Nitinol stents were implanted in the airway guided by bronchoscopy and fluoroscopy simultaneously. Three cases were placed in trachea, the others were in the bronchus. After stent implantation, all patients showed marked improvements of their airway obstructive symptoms. Four patients are doing well, although two expired due to underlying diseases. Four patients had granulation tissue formation around stents, but that was tolerable after removing the stent. Conclusion : We suggest that the use of expandible metallic stent implantation can offer safe therapeutic option even in extremely severe, life threatening and inoperable airway stenosis in children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.839-845
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• 2005

Purpose : Neck masses, in pediatric population, derive from a multitude of congenital, inflammatory, or neoplastic diseases. The majority of these masses represent benign conditions. However, thorough clinical evaluation is required to rule out malignant diseases. We evaluated the causes, clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with neck masses who underwent tissue biopsy. Methods : A total of 28 medical records of children with neck mass who underwent tissue biopsy at Chungnam National University Hospital, from January 2000 to March 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. The methods of biopsy were ultrasonography guided core biopsy(CB), fine needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB) and excisional biopsy. Results : Out of 28 patients, half were boys. The most common location of the mass was the posterior cervical area(N=19, 67.9%). Laboratory findings of peripheral blood and serologic studies were nonspecific. In 25(89.3%) cases, CB or FNAB was initially performed for neck masses. Among them 10 cases(40%) were reactive hyperplasia, 8(32%) inflammatory granulation tissues, 4(16%) necrotizing lymphadenitis, and 3(12%) acute suppurative inflammations. Initially, excisional biopsy was performed for diagnosis in 3(10.7%) cases. Diagnosis of these cases was thyroglossal duct cyst, dermoid cyst and lymphoblastic lymphoma, respectively. Conclusion : Most neck masses in children were benign. CB and FNAB were safe methods for tissue sampling, without need for general anesthesia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

As the IT environment becomes more sophisticated, various threats and their associated serious risks are increasing. Threats such as DDoS attacks, malware, worms, and APT attacks can be a very serious risk to enterprises and must be efficiently managed in a timely manner. Therefore, the government has designated the important system as the main information communication infrastructure in consideration of the impact on the national security and the economic society according to the 'Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection Act', which, in particular, protects the main information communication infrastructure from cyber infringement. In addition, it conducts management supervision such as analysis and evaluation of vulnerability, establishment of protection measures, implementation of protection measures, and distribution of technology guides. Even now, security consulting is proceeding on the basis of 'Guidance for Evaluation of Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Major IT Infrastructure Facilities'. There are neglected inspection items in the applied items, and the vulnerability of APT attack, malicious code, and risk are present issues that are neglected. In order to eliminate the actual security risk, the security manager has arranged the inspection and ordered the special company. In other words, it is difficult to check against current hacking or vulnerability through current system vulnerability checking method. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for extracting diagnostic data regarding the necessity of upgrading system vulnerability check, a check item that does not reflect recent trends, a technical check case for latest intrusion technique, a related study on security threats and requirements. Based on this, we investigate the security vulnerability management system and vulnerability list of domestic and foreign countries, propose effective security vulnerability management system, and propose further study to improve overseas vulnerability diagnosis items so that they can be related to domestic vulnerability items.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.1211-1215
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• 2006

Purpose : In this study, we analyzed the short term changes of thyroid function, incidence and risk factors of thyroid dysfunction soon after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children. Methods : We enrolled 80 pediatric patients following allogeneic HSCT, at the Catholic HSCT center between January, 2004 and February, 2006. Serum TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), total serum thyroxine and total serum triiodothyronine levels were systematically measured in 80 patients before the HSCT, and at 1 month, 6 months and 12 months after HSCT. Results : Thyroid function statistically decreased at 1 month after HSCT(P<0.001). Thyroid dysfunction at 1 month was observed in 43 (54 percent) of 80 patients, 31 (39 percent) of whom presented with euthyroid sick syndrome (ETS). Thyroid dysfunction was normalized within 1 year after HSCT. In univariate analysis, malignant disease and the presence of acute graft-versus-host disease (grade ${\geq}II$) were risk factors for ETS (P=0.04, 0.01 respectively). In multivariate analysis, we could not detect an independent risk factor for ETS (P=0.19, 0.06 respectively). Conclusion : The present study suggests that the incidence of thyroid dysfunction is high after allogeneic HSCT. Therefore, regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels after HSCT is required.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.883-888
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• 2003

Purpose : The etiology of hemolytic anemia can be classified as either cellular or extracellular defects of red blood cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory findings of hemolytic anemia concerning its etiological classification. Methods : Clinical and laboratory findings of the patients with hemolytic anemia treated from January 1987 to May 2002 at Severance Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into two groups based on the types of red cell defects(group I : erythrocytic defect, group II : extraerythrocytic defect). Results : Twenty one cases were included in group I, thirty four cases in group II, and three cases were unclassified. In group I, nineteen cases(90.5%) were diagnosed as hereditary spherocytosis and were proved to have red cell membrane disorders while two cases(9.5%) were shown to have red cell enzyme deficiencies. In group II, thirteen cases(38.2%) were noted as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, eleven cases(32.4%) as traumatic or microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, four cases(11.8%) as drug induced hemolytic anemia, two cases(5.9%) were related with systemic lupus erythematosus and one case(2.9%) with malignancy. Hemoglobin at the time of diagnosis(7.5 g/dL vs. 6.2 g/dL, P<0.05) and the incidence of splenomegaly(85.7% vs. 18.2%, P<0.05) were higher in group I though blood urea nitrogen(9.0/0.4 mg/dL vs. 27.8/1.6 mg/dL, P<0.05) was higher in group II. Conclusion : Comparing the clinical features of pediatric hemolytic anemia, we concluded as following : In cases associated with extraerythrocytic defect, blood tests revealed significant initial lower hematocrit with higher level of BUN and Cr while cases with erythrocytic defect, splenomegaly were more common noted.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2009

Purpose:Iron is a critical nutritional element that is essential for a variety of important biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, electron transfer reactions, and oxygen transport, activation, and detoxification. Iron is also required for neoplastic cell growth due to its catalytic effects on the formation of hydroxyl radicals, suppression of host defense cell activities, and promotion of cancer cell multiplication. Chronic transfusion-dependent patients receiving chemotherapy may have iron overload, which requires iron-chelating therapy. We performed this study to demonstrate whether the iron chelating agent deferoxamine induces apoptosis in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells, and to investigate the underlying apoptotic mechanism. Methods:To analyze the apoptotic effects of an iron chelator, cultured Saos-2 cells were treated with deferoxamine. We analyzed cell survival by trypan blue and crystal violet analysis, apoptosis by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle analysis, and the expression of apoptotic related proteins by Western immunoblot analysis. Results:Deferoxamine inhibited the growth of Saos-2 cell in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The major mechanism for growth inhibition with the deferoxamine treatment was by the induction of apoptosis, which was supported by nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation analysis, and flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, bcl-2 expression decreased, while bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP expression increased in Saos-2 cells treated with deferoxamine. Conclusion:These results demonstrated that the iron chelating agent deferoxamine induced growth inhibition and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells, suggesting that iron chelating agents used in controlling neoplastic cell fate can be potentially developed as an adjuvant agent enhancing the anti-tumor effect for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2000

Objective : The clinical prognosis and biological behavior of atypical and especially malignant meningiomas are well known to be worse than benign meningioma, but the degree of biological aggressiveness in each classical subtypes of benign meningioma is controversy. This study was performed to see whether there is a difference in the proliferative activity between each different histological subtypes of benign meningioma as well as atypical meningioma. Methods : Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of 27 meningiomas, including two recurrent tumors, were studied to evaluate proliferative activity by immunohistochemical method with monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and MIB-1. The specimens consisted of 8 cases of meningothelial, 9 cases of transitional, 5 cases of fibroblastic subtypes and 5 cases of atypical meningiomas. Results : Mean PCNA labeling indices of meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic meningiomas were $4.82{\pm}5.10%$, $9.01{\pm}4.25%$ and $5.66{\pm}5.32%$, but that of atypical meningiomas was $27.62{\pm}19.67%$, noting a higher value compared to all three subtypes of benign meningiomas. Mean Ki-67 labeling indices of the above 3 subtypes were $0.43{\pm}0.85%$, $0.44{\pm}1.08%$ and $0.24{\pm}0.18%$, and that of atypical meningiomas was also revealed to be of higher value ($0.84{\pm}0.59%$). PCNA and Ki-67 labeling indices were not statistically different between histological subtypes of benign meningioma(p>0.05), but the differences of both immunolabeling between benign and atypical meningiomas were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion : Immunolabeling of PCNA and Ki-67 in intracranial meningiomas reveals no prognostic difference between meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic subtypes in classical benign meningiomas by measuring expression of PCNA and Ki-67, but it seems to be helpful in differentiating benign and atypical meningioma, later showing more proliferative activity and biological aggressiveness.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 1999

Purpose : Total body irradiation (TBI) or whole body irradiation is used to acquire immune suppression, to treat malignant lymphoma and leukemia, and as an conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. For these purposes, many methods were developed to obtain homogenous dose distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze and confirm the accuracy and the homogeneity of the treatment setup, the parallel opposed lateral technique, currently used in Seoul National University Hospital. Materials and Metheods : Surface dose data, measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter, of 8 patients among 10 patients, who were given total body irradiation with the parallel opposed lateral technique between September 1996 to August 1998, at Seoul National University Hospital were analyzed. Surface doses were measured at the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level. Surface and midline doses were measured with similar set-up and technique in the Humanoid phantom. Results : Measured surface doses relative to prescribed dose for the head, neck, axilla, thight, and ankle leve were $91.3{\pm}7.8,{\;}98.3{\pm}7.5,{\;}95.1{\pm}6.3,{\;}98.3{\pm}5.5$, and $95.3{\pm} 6.3\%$, respectively. The midline doses of the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level estimated from the surface-to-midline ratios in the Humanoid Phantom were $103.4{\pm}9.0,{\;}107.8{\pm}10.5,{\;}91.1{\pm}6.1,{\pm} 93.8{\pm}4.5,{\;}and{\;}104.5{\pm}9.3\%$, respectively. Measured surface doses and estimated midline doses ranged from $-8.9\%$ to $+7.8\%$. Midline doses at the neck and the axilia level deviated more than $5\%$ from the prescribed doses. The difference of the estimated midline doses at the neck and the axilla level and the actual doses were attributed to the thickness differences between the Humanoid phantom and the patients. Conclusion Distribution of the midline doses as well as the suface doses were measured to be within $-8.7\~{\pm}7.8\%$ range. Actual dose distribution in the patient is expected to be better than the measured dose range mainly attributed to thickness difference between the patient and the Humanoid phantom.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 1992

Background: As well as fiberoptic bronchoscopy, chest computerized tomographic scan can now differentiate the benign from malignant causes and the obstructive from non-obstructive causes of lung collapse. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of chest CT scan and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of middle lobe syndrome. Method: We reviewed the clinical features, roentgenographic changes, pathologic findings and bronchoscopic findings in 16 patients with middle lobe syndrome who were admitted to Severance Hospital during period of January, 1987 through January, 1992. Results: The male to female ratio was 1:1. The most common symptoms were cough and sputums. Crackle was the most common physical finding. Underlying disease was lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis and endobronchial tuberculosis in 3 each other, benign stenosis in 2, lung abscess, broncholithiasis, bronchial chondroma, pneumonia and nonspecific inflammation in 1 each other. Conclusion: We conclude that the combination of chest computerized tomogram and fiberoptic bronchoscopy was most desirable for the diagnosis of middle lobe syndrome.