• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.140-149
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• 1997

Purpose : Kawasaki Disease(KD) is a febrile disease with acute multisystemic vasculitis which is seen commonly in early childhood. The cause and etiologic agents are still unknown to identify using ordinary bacterial and viral culture, but the clinical labaratory studies suggest that KD is one of autoimmune disorder caused by infectious agents, but that is not proved yet. The study was performed to investigate the IgG subclasses in acute stage of KB before treatment of IVIG(Intravenous immunoglobulin). Method : The 35 cases in acute stage of KD before treatment of IVIG who were hospitalized from jan. 1995 to dec. 1996. The obtained sera were measured level of total IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgG subclasses IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 by using EIA and SRID method. Results : 1) The sex ratio is male to female is 1.5: 1.0, and male is prone to infected. 2) Total IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE level is normal range with age adjusted, but few cases are shown slight high level of total IgG compare to normal range of age adjusted. 3) acute phage reactants such as CRP, C3, ESR are all increased in acute stage of cases. 4) IgG subclasses IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 are shown normal range of age adjusted, but remarkably low level of IgG4 in all of cases. Conclusions : The low level of IgG4 is able to increasing the incidence of KD, and may use early diagnostic tools combine with other clinical symptoms and signs. But the resulsts of reported studies are different to each other, so it needs more times and cases to get final evaluation of changes of serum immnunoglobulin levels correlate to increase the incidence of high risk group of KD patients.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2016

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) produces enterotoxins known to be a virulence factor. Three isotypes of the B. fragilis toxin (BFT) gene have been identified: bft-1, bft-2, and bft-3. We investigated the presence of bft isotypes in clinical B. fragilis isolates and the antimicrobial resistance of BFT-negative and BFT-positive isolates. Overall, 537 B. fragilis isolates were collected from extraintestinal specimens over 8 years (2006~2013) from a university hospital in Korea. Samples were analyzed by multiplex PCR to identify the bft gene isotypes. Additionally, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 107 B. fragilis isolates (74 BFT-negative and 33 BFT-positive) was examined by the CLSI agar dilution method. PCR revealed a total bft gene detection rate of 30%, while 33% and 29% of blood and other extraintestinal isolates contained the gene, respectively. Among ETBF isolates, the most common isotype was bft-1 gene, followed by bft-2 and bft-3 (bft-1 77%, bft-2 14%, bft-3 9%). Resistance rates (%) for BFT-negative and positive isolates differed in response to various antimicrobial agents, with 3%, 5%, 1% and 38% of BFT-negative isolates and 3%, 6%, 3% an 42% of BFT-positive isolates being resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoxitin, imipenem, and clindamycin, respectively. Interestingly, neither BFT-negative nor positive isolates showed antimicrobial resistance to chloramphenicol and metronidazole. Overall, the proportion of ETBF from blood was similar to that of other extraintestinal sites and the bft-1 gene was the predominant isotype. Higher antimicrobial resistance rates were found in BFT-positive isolates than BFT-negative isolates, but these differences were not statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1997

Serotonin has been implicated in the etiology of many disease states and may be particularly important mental illness, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, suicide, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, migraine and others. Many currently used treatments of these disorders are thought to act by modulating serotonergic function. The identification of many serotonin subtypes, most of which have been shown to have functional activity and differential distribution, has stimulated considerable effort into synthesizing selective ligands(drugs) to help understand their significance. This should understand the role of serotonin in mental disorders and these new drugs can be studied alone and in combination with other treatments in order to clarify the parameters of drug use for the clinical effect.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.195-197
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• 2003

호흡기 유두종(recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, RRP)은 호흡기의 편평상피에 발생하는 바이러스성 질환으로 잦은 재발과 증식을 특징으로 한다. 다발성으로 발생하는 경우 소아에서는 생명을 위협하기도 하는 치명적인 질환이다. 호흡기 유두종의 발생에 가장 중요한 원인은 유두종 바이러스(human papilloma virus : HPV)의 감염으로 생각된다. HPV는 Papovaviridae군에 속하는 이중쇄 구조의 DNA virus로서 피부 사마귀, 항문성기기관 및 호흡소화기관의 양성 또는 악성 편평상피 유두종을 유발하는 원인 인자로 알려져 있다. 최근까지의 발표에 의하면 HPV 6, 11형이 호흡기 유두종증의 주원인이라고 알려져 있다. 원인 바이러스의 검출방법에 대하여 최근 DNA chip을 이용하는 방법이 개발되었고, 자궁경부암과 암 전구병변에서 인 유두종 바이러스의 아형에 대한 연구가 발표된 바 있다. (중략)

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-50
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• 1991

Flow cytometer(유식세포분석분리기:FCM)는 부유되어 있는 세포의 여러 특성을 측정할 수 있도록 고안되었기 때문에 동물의 체내에 있는 세포중 자연적으로 부유되어 있는 혈구세포를 분석하기가 가장 용이하다. 면역계에서 가장 중추적인 역할을 담당하며 면역반응에 특이성과 기억능력 등을 부여하는 림프구와 탐색작용을 가장 왕성히 나타내는 과립구나 단구 등이 혈액내에 존재하기 때문에 FCM을 이용하여 개체의 방어기능을 맡고 있는 면역세포를 분석하는 일이 가장 먼저 활발히 이루어졌음은 당연하였다. 도한 1970년대 면역학이 큰 발전에 이룩한 단크론항체가 Miller와 Kohler에 의하여 개발되었기 때문에 면역세포의 분화항원에 대한 여러 종류의 단크론항체는 FCM의 이용으로 면역세포를 여러 아형으로 분석하고 분리가 가능하게 하였다. 마지막으로 FCM이 최근에 개발된 것에 맞추어 세포성 면역학이 30년 전부터 급속도로 연구되었으므로 면역학적 연구가 FCM의 이용으로 더욱 활성화되었음은 주지의 사실이다. 이런 시점에서 저자는 FCM의 원리와 면역생물학에서의 FCM의 역할에 대하여 간단히 소개하려고 한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.742-755
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• 1997

Background : Endobronchial tuberculosis(ET) is still relatively common disease in Korea. We intended to evaluate the length of endobronchial lesion, peribronchial thickness, luminal irregularity and associated mediastinal lymph node enlargement with Chest CT to get information for such aggressive treatment as electrocautery, laser therapy and so on of bronchial stricture in ET, and also to compare the change of Chest CT finding with that of bronchoscopic finding after one month of anti-tuberculosis treatment. Method : We performed CT in 26 patients who were diagnosed as ET by bronchoscopy at Boramae Hospital from November 1991 to March 1996. After classifying ET into seven subtypes according to bronchoscopic finding, we analyzed the CT finding of each subtype. And we followed up the bronchoscopy, CT, and PIT after one month of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and compared the change of CT findings with those of bronchoscopic findings in nine patients. Results : Age of the patients was from 17 to 73 years old, and the ratio of male to female was 1 : 25 with absolute female predominance. The site(s) of bronchial involvement by tuberculosis is one in 14 cases, two in nine cases and three in one case, respectively, and the left main bronchus was the most frequently involved site (13 cases for multiple involvements and 7 cases for single involvement among 26 cases). The length of bronchial involvement by tuberculosis which was measured by CT was from 10 to 55 mm, and there was a tendency that the length of involved lesion in fibrostenotic type was shorter than that of actively caseating type. Bronchial stricture on CT was noticed in 25 (96%) cases and the range of severity was from total occlusion to near-normal and also showed wide variation even though the subtype of ET was same. The increase of peribronchial thickness which was measured by CT, was noticed in 21 cases (91%) among 23 cases (in which the measurement was possible), and there was no improvement of peribronchial thickness in those cases which showed little improvement in bronchial stricture despite anti-tuberculosis treatment. There was no difference in the luminal irregularity of involved bronchi on CT in relation to bronchoscopic subtypes. The mediastinal lymph node enlargement, defined as the diameter of lymph node was larger than 1cm on CT, was detected in 20 cases (77%), and right side was more frequently involved (L : R = 1 : 5.2). The CT finding usually showed extrinsic bronchial compression but showed direct invasion in two cases which were bronchoscopically classified as tumorous type. When follow-up bronchoscopy and CT was performed after one month of anti-tuberculosis treatment in nine patients, CT showed significant improvement in peribronchial thickness and mediastinal lymph node enlargement. Bronchial stricture was also improved in 6 cases but aggravated in 3 cases despite anti-tuberculosis therapy. In two cases which were classified as fibrostenotic type by bronchoscopy, CT showed significant improvement in bronchial stricture, interestingly. Conclusion : We concluded that the role of Chest CT was complimentary to bronchoscopy in ET, since CT was useful in evaluating the length of bronchial involvement, peribronchial thickness, and mediastinal lymph node enlargement.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.478-486
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• 2000

Background : In acute lung injury, alveolar macrophages play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process during the initiation phase and in the reconstruction and fibrosis process during the later phase. Recently, it has been proven that alveolar macrophages are constituted by morphologically, biochemically and immunologically heterogenous cell subpopulations. The possibility of alterations to these characteristics of the alveolar macrophage population during lung disease has been raised. To investigate such a possibility a hyperoxic rat lung model was made to check the distributional and morphological changes of rat alveolar macrophage subpopulation in acute hyperoxic lung injury. Method : Alveolar macrophage were lavaged from normal and hyperoxic lung injury rats and separated by discontinuous gradients of percoll. After cell counts of each density fraction were accessed, the morphomeric analysis of alveolar macrophages was performed on cytocentrifuged preparations by transmission electron micrograph. Result : 1. The total alveolar macrophage cell count significantly increased up to 24 hours after hyperoxic challenge (normal control group $171.6{\pm}24.1{\times}10^5$, 12 hour group $194.8{\pm}17.9{\times}10^5$, 24 hour group $207.6{\pm}27.1{\times}10^5$, p<0.05). oHoHH However the 48 hour group ($200.0{\pm}77.8{\times}10^5$) did not show a significant difference. 2. Alveolar septal thickness significantly increased up to 24 hours after hyperoxic challenge(normal control group $0.7{\pm}0.2{\mu}m$, 12 hour group $1.5{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$, 24 hour group $2.3{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$, p<0.05). However the 48 hour group did not show further change ($2.5{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$). Number of interstitial macrophage markedly increased at 24 hour group. 3. Hypodense fraction(fraction 1 and fraction 2) of alveolar macrophage showed a significant increase following hyperoxic challenge ($\beta=0.379$.$\beta=0.694$. p<0.05) ; however, fraction 3 was rather decreased following the hyperoxic challenge($\beta=0.815$. p<0.05), and fraction 4 showed an irregular pattern. 4. Electron microscopic observation of alveolar macrophage from each fraction revealed considerable morphologic heterogeneity. Cells of the most dense subfraction(fraction 4) were small, round, and typically highly ruffled with small membrane pseudopods. Cells of the least dense fraction (fraction 1) were large and showed irregular eccentric nucleus and high number of heterogenous inclusions. Conclusion : In conclusion, these results suggest that specific hypodense alveolar macrophage subpopulation may play a an important role in an acute hyperoxic lung injury model But further study, including biochemical and immunological function of these subpopulations, is needed.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1995

The effects of chronic treatment with haloperidol and sulpiride on the binding capacities of dopamine(DA) receptor were examined in rat striatum and olfactory tubercle. Additionally, the stereotypy scores were assessed after apomorphine administration. Rats were treated with haloperidol(0.5mg/kg/day) or sulpiride(40mg/kg/day) for four weeks. Apomorphine(0.5mg/kg) was injected after three-day washout from neuroleptics, and stereotypy scores were assessed. Haloperidol group showed high scores of stereotyped behavior in comparison with control and sulpiride groups. With control group, sulpiride group displayed similar stereotyped behaviors. Saturation analysis of the binding of [$^3H$]spiperone to striatal membranes showed that the Bmax of haloperidol and sulpiride groups increased significantly in comparison with that of control group. The $K_D$ decreased significantly after sulpiride treatment in striatum. Although sulpiride produces the same proliferation of DA receptor, the low stereotypy scores of sulpiride group indirectly suggest that sulpiride acts differently from haloperidol in brain DA system. The Bmax increased remarkably following both treatment with haloperidol and sulpiride in olfactory tubercle. Also, the increase in $K_D$ was significant after treatment with haloperidol and sulpiride in olfactory tubercle. Moreover, the $K_D$ of control group in olfactory tubercle was more than twice the $K_D$ of control group in striatum. The $K_D$ was 86.2 in striatum and 37.5 pM in olfactory tubercle. The present finding indicates that sulpiride also induces the proliferation of DA receptor in olfactory tubercle and may interact with some DA receptor subtype with high affinity profile. The different affinities of the control groups of striatum and olfactory tubercle suggest that striatal DA receptor subtypes labeled by [$^3H$]spiperone could differ from those of olfactory tubercle.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 1993

Naegleria fowleri is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in man, IL-2 levels after stimulation of T lymphocytes by PHA or N.fowleri lysates. the amounts of T lymphocyte subsets and the blastogenic responses of T lymphocytes in mice after Infected with pathogenic N. fowleri were studied comparing between two study groups, one $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites inoculated mice and the other $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated mice. All experimental samples were obtained on the day 7, 14 and 24 after inoculation. The mice inoculated with $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites showed a 14.3% mortality rate, and 72.2% in the mice inoculated with $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites. The IL-2 levels on day 14 of two experimental groups were significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Thy 1.2+T cells in the total spleen Iymphocytes of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group on day 7 were significantly increased compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites inoculated group and the control group. $L3T4^{+}{\;}T$ cells and $Ly2^{+}$ T cells in the total spleen Iymphocytes of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group on day 7 were sigrlificantly increased compared with the control group. The DNA S fraction of T cells in the spleen of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group was significantly increased on day 7. The amount of S fractions of DNA were sequentially decreased on day 14 and 24 but they were also signiacantly increased compared with the control group. The results obtained in the experiments indicats that cell mediated immunity after N.fowleri infection acts on very important host's protection immunity around the 7th day after infection. IL-2 level was much suppressed on day 14 which resulted from the exhaustion of host immune response. It was observed that the level of IL-2 production ability and the amounts of T lymphocytes subsets and the blastogenic responses of T lymphocytes were not well correlated during the observation period.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.359-369
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• 1997

We studied the expression of the cell surface antigen associated with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias on bone marrow or peripheral blood blast cells from 153 leukemic patients including 61 cases of acute myelogenous leukemias(AML), 46 of acute lymphocytic leukemias(ALL) and 12 of acute leukemias. They were analyzed by direct or indirect immunofluorescence method for reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies to B cells(CD10, CD19, SmIg), T cells(CD2, CD5, CD7, CD3, CD4, CD8), myeloid antigen(CD13, CD14, CD33, CD61) and a nonspecific antigen, HLA-DR. Lymphoid associated markers detected on AML is CD7 32.8%, CD10 14.8%, CD5 13.1%, CD2 6.6% and CD19 1.6%. TdT was positive in 4.9% of AMLs. Hybrid leukemias were 8 cases out 61 AML cases and were mainly composed of monocytic lineage, M4 and M5a. Myeloid markers detected in ALL were CD13 2.2% and CD33 2.2%. In this study, immunologically classified ALLs were composed of 65.2% of CALLA (+) B precursor type, 10.9% of CALLA (-) B precursor pattern, 8.7% of T cell type, 2.2% of B cell type, 4.5% of mixed lymphoid lineage(B&T), 2.2% of undifferentiated leukemia, and 6.5% of hybrid leukemia. Twelve cases of acute leukemias ware finally diagnosed to be 5 cases of hybrid leukemia, 3 cases of B lineage, 3 case of T lineage and 1 case of mixed lymphoid(B&T) leukemia. In summary, we think the best method for typing acute leukemias is by using a combination of FAB classification and immunophenotying.