• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.4 no.6 s.32
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• pp.85-87
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• 1972

결과적으로 시판 피마자박을 성장하는 병아리 혹은 기타 단위 동물의 단백질 사료로서 이용하기위해서는 다시 제독처리해야함을 알 수 있다. 제독처리 방법 중에서도 끓는 물로 여과하여 독소를 축출하는 방법이 가장 좋고 이 방법이 독소를 전부는 아닐지라도 대부분 제거시키는 방법이다. 피마자박의 아미노산조성을 볼때 그 생물가가 낮은 주요 원인이 라이신 트립토판 그리고 S 함유 아미노산이 부족하기 때문임을 알 수 있다. 제독처리한 피마자박의 라이신과 메치오닌 그리고 트립토판을 첨가하면 대두단백+메치오닌(0.2$\%$) 만큼 병아리성장에 유효함을 알 수 있다. 다른 필수 아미노산의 첨가는 별 효과가 없고 어분 대두단백 혹은 난백의 첨가도 부족한 아미노산을 첨가해 주는 것만큼 효과적이 아니었다. 라이신이 가장 먼저 부족되는 것이고 다음 트립토판이다. 메치오닌은 NRC 권장량의 60$\%$ 밖에 안되나 실제로 피마자박에 적절히 함유한다. 이것은 NRC 권장량이 너무 높다는 스콧트와 그의 동료의 주장과 일치하고 있다. 체중변화를 볼 때 흥미있는 것은 피마자박에 어분을 첨가하면 각 그룹간 병아리 체중의 차이가 심한데 어분대신 아미노산을 첨가하면 그 차이가 현저히 감소한다. (25$\%$와 15$\%$) 이러한 현상은 아미노산이 부족한 사료를 먹으면 성장에 필요한 아미노산 요구량이 개체별로 차이가 있기 때문일 것이다. 피마자박에 아미노산을 첨가하면 단백질 최종이용율이 현저히 증가하나, 이정도는 대두단백+메치오닌(0.2$\%$)에 비하면 이용율이 낮은데 그 이유는 아마 피마자박중의 리그닌과 조섬유 함량이 높기 때문일 것이다. 피마자박의 사료는(사료중 40$\%$) 조섬유가 약 15$\%$나 되어 이것 때문에 사료 섭취량이 대두단백사료 보다 증가하게 되고 사료섭취량이 많으면 단백질 섭취도 많게 되어 피마자박의 단백질 이용율이 낮게 된다. 즉 최종 단백질 이용율은 단백질 섭취량과 역비례한다. 만약 피마자박의 조섬유를 일부 혹은 전부 제거하기만 한다면 양계및 기타 단위 동물의 단백질 사료 자원으로서 그 가치가 훨씬 높아질 것이다. 더욱 희망적인 것은 피마자박 생산자측에 의하면 피마자씨 껍질의 상당한 부분을 제거하는 것은 가능하다고 한다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1984

Proximate, calcium, phosphorus and amino acid composition were determined for sardine fish meal (SM), herring fish meal (HM), anchovy fish meal (AM), alaskapolack by-product meal (ABM) and file fish by-product meal (FBM) produced domestically. These fish protein sources were fed to adult male of meat type (Waren G) broiler chicks to determine the true availability of amino acids. The true availability of essential amino acids were closely related to various fish meals with a few exceptions (e.g. valine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine). Average true availability of essential amino acids (9 amino acids) were 95, 93, 93, 91 and 91 percent for AM, SM, FBM; HM and ABM, respectively. Significant differences in the true availability of each individual amino acid were observed among fish meal tested (P＜0.01). Lysine availability was low in HM, ABM and FBM whereas phenylalanine was the lowest in FBM and ABM, respectively. AM showed the highest true amino acid availability among all fish meal tested.

• Proceedings of the Turfgrass Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.01a
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• pp.24-31
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to study an effect of liquid fertilizer contained amino acids(LFcAA) on the growth of Bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds. penncross) and the change of soil chemicals characteristics. In tested soil, the utilization rate of nitrogen in treatment was more than control. Fresh weight, dry weight and concentration of T-N, Mg and chlorophyll were increased in grass treated LFcAA. These results suggested that treatment of LFcAA was promoted utilization of nitrogen in soil and growth of bentgrass.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 1987

This study was conducted to bioassay of amino acid availability of feather meal processed by a different methods, commercial feather meal and raw feather meal, The feather meals were processed by labolatory pressure cooker(autoclave) at 2kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 30 minutes ; 3kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 90 minutes : 4kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 120 minutes. Chick employed in the present experiment were Abor Acre strain, male or meat type (body weight, 100-140g), fed with semipurified diet and protein free diet was given during the determination of the metabolic and endogeneous amino acid. The contents of amino acid of samples were investigated by ion-exchange chromatography. The results were as follows; 1. The amino acid availability of raw, 2kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 30 minutes, commercial, 4kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 120 minutes and 3kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 90 minutes of feather meal were -3.09, 63.28, 67.47, 71.22 and 73.75% respectively. 2. The essential amino acid availability of raw, 2kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 30 minutes, commercial, 4kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 120 minutes and 3kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 90 minutes of feather meal were 2.55, 66.78, 66.89, 72,56 and 73.62%, respectively. 3. In individual amino acid of the different processing loather meal and commercial feather meal, biovailabilities were increased methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, arginine, threonine, isoleucine, however, histidine, lysine and aspartic acid were remarkely decreased. In conclusion, the bioavailability or amino acid for the feather meal processed at 3kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 90 minutes was superior to those of other treatment or raw feather meal.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.147-154
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to study an effect of liquid fertilizer contained amino acids(LFcAA) on the growth of bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds. penncross) and the change of soil chemicals characteristics. The utilization of nitrogen in soil was increased more 70.6∼90.1％ in the treatment of LFcAA than in control. Fresh weight, dry weight and concentration of T-N, Mg and chlorophyll were increased in grass treated LFcAA. These results suggested that treatment of LFcAA was promoted utilization of nitrogen in soil and growth of bentgrass.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2003

아미노산은 수정란의 체외생산에 있어서 배발달에 유효하게 작용한다. 이러한 이유로 체외배양 단계에 아미노산 첨가에 관한 보고는 많지만, 체외성숙 단계에서의 아미노산 효과와 관련된 보고는 소수이다. 본 실험에서는 먼저 체외성숙 배지에 NEAA와 EAA군들의 첨가 농도가 PB 출현율, 배발달율 그리고 생산된 배반포의 세포수에 미치는 영향과 더불어 새로운 아미노산원으로 LAH의 효과를 검토하였다. 체외성숙을 위한 난포란은 도축 한우 난소에서 2-8mm의 가시난포로부터 회수하였다. 체외성숙용 배지는 10% FBS가 첨가된 CRlaa 용액을 사용하였고, 실험1에서는 NEAA와 EAA(20$\mu l$/ml)군을 각각 $\times$l (NEAA:10$\mu l$/ml, EAA:20$\mu l$/ml), $\times$2 및 $\times$4를, 실험2에서는 LAH를 각각 1, 5 및 10 mg/ml를 첨가하였다. 체외수정은 fer-TALP 용액을, 체외배양은 CRlaa 용액을 배양 2일째까지는 0.3% BSA를, 그 이후에는 10% FBS와 난관상피세포를 첨가하여 사용하였다. 그리고 배양 8일째 확장배반포의 세포수를 조사하기 위하여 이중형광염색을 실시하였다. 통계분석은 $X^2$-test를 이용하였다. 실험 1에서 NEAA와 EAA 첨가 농도에 따른 PB 출현율은 $\times$l 첨가군(46.6%)이 대조군(29.9%)에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다. 수정을, 8세포기 및 배반포까지 발달율은 비슷한 경향이었으나, $\times$l 첨가군이 가장 높았다. 한편 ICM 세포수가 아미노산 첨가 농도의 높을수록 증가하는 경향이었고, 특히 $\times$4 첨가군($23.9 \mu 3.9$)이 대조군($14.8 \mu 2.5$)에 비하여 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높았다. 실험 2에서 LAH 첨가에 따른 핵성숙율은 5mg 첨가군, 배반포까지 발달율은 1mg 첨가군(25.9%)이 각각 가장 높았다. 배양 8일째 배반포의 세포수에 있어서 총세포수와 TE 세포수는 차이가 없었으나, ICM 세포수가 l0mg 첨가군에서 가장 높았다. 본 실험 결과에서 체외성숙 배지에 NEAA와 EAA 첨가가 배발달율에는 효과가 없었지만, 첨가농도의 증가에 따라 ICM 세포수가 증가하였다. 한편 체외성숙 배지에 LAH 첨가는 첨가 농도가 높을수록 배발달율은 낮았지만 ICM 세포수는 증가하였다.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2002

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of the addition of amino acids and FBS as source of exogenous nitrogen fixation added to medium on in vitro production of blastocyst derived from bovine follicular oocytes. The base medium was TCM-199 solution for in vitro maturation(IVM) of bovine follicular oocytes and Fer-TALP solution for in vitro fertilization(IVF) and YS solution for in vitro culture(IVC). IVC used the fertilized oocytes of 24-hr culture (day 1) after IVF. Rmbryos were cultured in drop-culture that contained 25 embryos per 10 ${mu}ell$. The results obtained are as follows: 1 The developmental rates of fertilized oocytes to blastocyst that developed from YS solution with NEAA derived from MEM alone were higher than those of YS solution without NEAA. 2. The developmental rates of fertilized oocytes to blastocyst that developed from YS solution with EAA derived RPMI 1640 alone were significantly higher than those of YS solution without EAA (p<0.05). 3. When added to EAA on day 5 after NEAA supplementation on day 1, the developmental rates of hatched blastocyst and blastocyst to hatched blastocyst were improved. 4. When removed to EAA on day 3, day 4 and day 5 from medium after NEAA and EAA supplementation on day 1. the developmental rates of blastocyst to hatched blastocyst were reduced. 5. When added to FBS as source of exogenous nitrogen fixation, the developmental rates of blastocyst and hatched blastocyst that developed from the later culture higher(day 5) than those of the early culture.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amino acid supplementation of oocyte maturation medium on 1st polar body(PB) extrusion, embryo development and blastocsyt cell number. In experiment 1, Cumulus oocyte complexes(COCs) were matured in in vitro maturation(IVM) medium supplemented with 1, 2, or 4-fold of 10 $\mu$l/ml MEM non-essential amino acid(NEAA) and 20 Park, $\mu$ l/ml BME essential amino acid(EAA). The PB extrusion rate of oocytes matured in 1-fold amino acid group was significantly higher than that matured in medium without amino acid (p＜0.05), but it was decreased by the increase of the dosage of amino acid. There were no difference in the percentage of embryos reaching 2-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst in all treatments. The number of trophectoderm(TE) cells and total cell number of blastocysts were highest in 2-fold amino acid group, and the number of inner cell mass(ICM) cells was increased by the increase of the dosage of amino acid. In experiment 2, COCs were matured in IVM medium with 1, 5, or 10 mg/ml lactalbumin hydrolysate(LAH). The PB extrusion rate of oocytes matured in medium with 5 mg LAH was significantly higher than that matured in medium with 1 mg LAH (p＜0.05). The development rate to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher in non-supplement and 1 mg LAH group than in 5 mg and 10 mg LAH group (p＜0.05). The number of TE cells and total cell number did not differ among treatment groups, but the number of ICM cells was increased by the increase of LAH supplement. These results suggested that the supplement of certain group of amino acid in IVM medium effective on the quality of blastocyst, and further studies will be accompany with the search of new sources of amino acid used for the use of in vitro embryo production.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 1982

비단백태 질소화합물의 가금에서의 이용 가능성은 오래 전부터 많은 사람들의 관심의 대상이 되어 있었다. Urea나 Diammonium Citrate같은 NPN들이 부로일러에서 비필항 아미노산들의 공급을 목적으로 이용될 수 있다는 많은 증거들이 있다. 그 mechanism 은 이들에 의해 공급되는 ammonia가 $\alpha$-ketoglutaric acid에 결합되어 glutamic acid가 되어 체내에서 transamination 방법에 의해 비필수 아미노산들의 합성에 기여할 수 있다는 것이다. 산란에서도 마찬가지 방법으로 이용될 수 있으나 육계에선 보다는 이용 효율이 낮다고 한다. 비단백태 질소 화합물의 급여가 사료섭취량에 영향을 주고, 산란율을 저하시키며 란중을 적게하는 원인이 되나 albumin의 질을 높인다는 장점도 보고되고 있다. 이들 화합물이 가중에서 효율적으로 이용되기 위해서는 사료내 단백질 수준이 정상보다 낮아야 하며 철수 아미노산을 충분히 함유하고 있어야 한다 장차 단백질 자원의 부족 현상이 더욱 심각해질 것을 예상할 때 비단백태 질소 화합물의 가축에서의 이용성을 높이는 연구는 매우 중요하다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 1993

True amino acid availability (TAAA) and true metabolizable energy(TME) values of 8 protein feedstuffs were determined by feeding three roosters exactly 30g of each protein feedstuff after 36h of fasting. From each rooster excreta were collected for 36 h. TAAA were significantly(P<0.01) different among protein feedstuffs. TAAA was highest in fish meal(96.1%), followed by corn gluten(91.2%), rapeseed meal(88.8%), soybean meal(88.7%), meat meal(87.2%), canola meal(86.1%), cottonseeed meal(82.6%) and feather meal(82.5%). Available Iysine values obtained by TAAA method were highly correlated(P<0.01) with those obtained by chick bioassay(CBA) and FDNB method. TME was highest in corn gluten(4,011kcal/kg, as fed basis), followed by fish meal(3,906), feather meal(3,098), soybean meal(3,007), meat and bone meal(2,631), canola meal(2,326), cottonseed meal(2,246) and rapeseed meal(2,120).