• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Purpose: This study compared the pain and skin reactions of neonates according to the method of removing the adhesive eyepatch used for phototherapy. Methods: The subjects included 20 neonates admitted at C University Hospital. In group 1 (n=10), DuoDERM dressing was attached under the adhesive eyepatch, which was removed with water, while in group 2 (n=10), the eyepatch was attached on the skin and removed with oil. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: No interaction was found between group and timing for heart rate and oxygen saturation. In group 1, the NIPS score was higher and the crying time was longer than in group 2. No difference was observed in the erythema score between the groups. Conclusion: Removing the adhesive eyepatch using oil can be used as a nursing intervention to reduce pain and improve comfort in neonates.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.684-692
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• 2013

Purpose: This study attempted to discover the effects of distraction on the hospitalized children's fear of the hospital and needle-related pain. Methods: The experimental group was given visual stimulation using a character from the injection room entrance. In addition, the video recording of 'bambarabam' was provided for visual and auditory stimulation to distract the children. The research tools included the hospital-related fear scale, Faces Pain Rating Scale (Wong & Baker, 1988) and Procedure Behaviour Check List (Lebaron&Zeltzer, 1984). For statistical analysis, the SPSS 19.0 program was used on the collected data for $X^2$-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The experimental group showed significantly less fear ofthe hospital compared to the control group (U=151.50, p=.024). The experimental group showed significantly lower pain on both Faces Pain Rating Scale (U=167.50, p=.043) and the Procedure Behaviour Check List (U=106.00, p=.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that distraction was effective in reducing the child's fear of the hospital and injection pain.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2005

Purpose: This study is to assess and compare the analgegic effects of $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier and pacifier. Method: The participants are 75 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7 days and randomized to receive heel prick before 2 minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of A Medical Center from 24. January to 28, February, 2003. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, a pacifier, $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 11.0 program using $x^2$-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe, repeated mesured ANOVA. Results: The pain score of $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group. In heart rate, there were statistical significant differences between three groups. In repiratory rate, there were no statistical significant differences between three groups. In $SaO_2$, there were statistical significant difference between three groups. Conclusion: The $25\%$ sucrose coating pacifier showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and heart rate and $SaO_2$. Accordingly, the sucrose coating pacifier should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to verify the effect of roller acupuncture stimulation on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong in the reaction to physiologic pain(heart rate, percutaneous oxygen saturation, respiration rate) in neonates. Method: This study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 40 normal neonates who were born at a hospital in Busan. These neonates were undergoing heel puncture for blood type tests. The neonates were divided into 2 groups: 20 in the experimental group who were stimulated with roller acupuncture before the heel puncture and 20 neonates in the control group who were not stimulated. The heart rate and percutaneous oxygen saturation were measured using a cardiopulmonary monitor and the respiration rate was measured directly. The data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program using χ²-test, t-test and Repeated Measure ANOVA. Results: There was a significant difference (F=3.287, p=.043) for heart rate on the interaction between time and group. There was a significant difference (F=5.122, p=.008) for percutaneous oxygen saturation on the interaction between time and group. Conclusion: On the basis of results, it was verified that the roller acupuncture stimulation on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong had effect of relieving pain in the neonates.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.320-330
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of schoolbags and the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among elementary school children and to identify factors associated with relative schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms. Methods: A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 228 elementary school children in grades 4-6. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, $x^2$-test or Fisher's exact test, logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Mean relative schoolbag weight (RSW) was 6.40%. Among participants, 13.2% carried more than 10% of their RSW. Only 49.6% of participants organized the contents in their school backpack correctly. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 42.5% of participants. Results from logistic regression analysis identified grade was a significant factor predicting RSW, and gender, RSW, and using a locker were significant factors predicting musculoskeletal symptoms among schoolchildren. Conclusion: Although RSW of school children in this study was within the currently recommended load limit, a considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe schoolbag use. An effective schoolbag safety campaign for parents, students, and teachers needs to be developed and evaluated to prevent possible musculoskeletal symptoms related to schoolbag use.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1998

저자들은 전국의 산부인과, 소아과, 가정의학과 및 응급의학과 전문의 7055명을 대상으로 가정외 성학대(강간 또는 성추행 등)를 당한 15세 이하 아동을 진료한 경험에 대하여 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 조사에 응한 의사들1205명중 641명(53.2%)이 진료 시작후 지금까지 가정외 성폭력을 당한 만 15세 이하 아동2974명을 진료한 경험이 있다고 응답하였다. 이것은 의사일인당 4.64명의 성폭력피해아동을 진료하였음을 의미한다. 2) 가해자중 338명(52.7%)은 아는 사람이었고, 227명(43.2%)이 모르는 사람이었다. 연령은 $20{\sim}30$대가 41.8%로서 가장 많았고, 10대가 35.7%, $40{\sim}50$대가 17%순이었다. 대부분(99.8%)이 남자였다. 3) 피해 아동의 나이는 $1{\sim}15$세까지 다양하게 분포되었는데, 평균 나이는 $9.70{\pm}3.49$세였고, 6세와 10세 여아가 가장 많았다. 피해자 대부분(98.6%)이 여자였으며, 기존의 정신 장애 혹은 신체 장애 및 행동 문제 가 있는 아동은 44명(6.9%)이었다. 4) 성폭력 사실을 발견하게된 방법으로는 피해 아동이 피해 사실을 보호자에게 직접 말한 경우(42.6%)가 가장 많았고, 그 외 통증 호소 156명(24.3%), 이상한 행동 96명(15%), 다른 사람의 보고 72명(11.2%), 진찰중 우연히 알게된 것 19명(3%)임신 4명(0.6%)의 순이었다. 보호자는 여러 가지 의심되는 소견을 참고하여 피해를 당한 후 비교적 빨리(1일 이내가 51.8%, 1일에서 1주 이내가 36.2%) 피해 아동을 병원에 데려왔다. 5) 신체적 피해 상황은 회음부 손상 571명(89.1%), 처녀막 파열349명(54.4%), 다른 부위의 손상124명(19.3%), 임신37명(5.8%), 성병18명(2.8%)으로서 신체적 손상 및 후유증이 심한 편이었다. 6) 피해 아동에 대한 처리중 진료후 귀가가 278(43.4%)；진료가 더 필요한데 임의 퇴원 117명(18.3%)였으며 정신과 자문은 14%에서 경찰신고는 15%에서 이루어졌다. 피해아동을 진료한 의사나 피해아동 및 보호자는 신체적인 문제에 치중하며, 성학대 피해 사실이 알려지는 것을 꺼리는 경향이 있었다. 저자들은 상기 결과들을 통해 상당수의 의사들이 가정외 성폭력를 당한 피해 아동을 진료한 경험이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 가정외 아동성학대는 사회적 문제일뿐 아니라 의학적으로도 중요한 문제이며, 이것을 예방하고 치료하기 위해서는 우리 의사들의 적극적 관심이 필요하다고 생각하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2020

본 연구는 2018년 아동 구강건강실태조사자료를 활용하여 아동의 치아우식증에 영향을 미치는 위험 요인을 알아보고자 시행하였다. 연구 대상은 만 12세 아동 20,235명을 대상으로 시행하였다. 조사항목으로 일반적인 특성, 치아우식 식이 행태, 구강 상태, 구강건강 관련 행태 요인을 조사하였다. 그 결과 성별, 지역, 경제수준, 주관적 구강건강 상태, 치아우식 식이 행태, 구강상태, 구강건강 관련 행태 모두 위험요인으로 나타났다. 특히 구강 상태는 치석, 치은 출혈, 치아 통증, 반점치 증상을 나타내는 학생에서 치아우식증 위험도가 더 높게 나타났다. 구강건강 관련 행태는 잇솔질 횟수 2회 이하, 치실과 손잡이 치실 미사용 학생에서 치아우식증 위험도가 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 치아우식증의 감수성이 가장 높은 아동을 대상으로 국가나 지역사회는 치아우식을 초기에 진단하여 관리할 수 있고 계속 구강건강관리를 위한 치아우식 관리사업체계를 구축함이 필요하다. 또한 아동·청소년기의 구강건강관리 습관을 개선시킬 수 있는 구강보건교육을 확대하고 치아우식증 예방 프로그램 개선 및 지역사회 활용의 구강보건정책의 체계가 필요하다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2008

Purpose: To examine the effects on skin injury, pain, and anxiety when nurses and children simultaneous wash their hands before IV injections. Method: A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design study was used with 61 children. For a month and a half, children in the experimental group(30) following hand-washing guidelines, washed their hands with nurses before IV insertion. Anxiety and pain were observed and recorded during IV insertion using the Anxiety Reaction Scale and FACES pain scale. After 48-72 hours on IV therapy with an arm-board, skin condition was checked by a research assistant according to guidelines for assessing skin injury developed by the researcher. t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, Pearson correlation, and Kendall's tau b were used to analyze data with the SPSS program. Results: Children who washed their hands with the nurse before IV insertion showed less pain (p =.021) and skin injury (p <.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: This finding suggests that simultaneous hand washing by nurse and child before IV injection has a strong effect on skin injury caused by arm-boards used to maintain IV therapy as well as on pain during IV insertion. This program demonstrates an effective intervention to prevent skin injuries in children on IV therapy.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.341-350
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• 1995

A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of ice pack application to post cardiac surgery toddlers before C-tube removal. Twenty toddlers aged 13 months to 24 months, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1993 to October, 1993 were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. An ice pack was applied to the C-tube insertion site for 8 minutes before C-tube removal for the experimental group. The children were videotaped during the procedure to assess pain behavior and crying time. The score on the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale(MBPS), crying time, and vital signs were measured to determine the effect of ice pack application. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Paired t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The result of the study are as follows : 1. There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in pain behavior (U=17.0, p=.01). 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups in crying time. 3. There was a significant difference between the two groups in heart rate (U=24.5, p=.05). 4. There was a significant difference between the two groups in systolic blood pressure (U=24.0, p=.05) 5. There was a significant difference between the two groups in diastolic blood pressure (U=23.0, p=.04). 6. There was no significant difference between the two groups in respiration rate. 7. Pain behavior was significantly correlated with heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and crying time (r=.50, .54 and .59, p<.05). The result showed that the ice pack application was effective to reduce pain related to C-tube removal for the toddlers. From the study, it is recommended that the effectiveness of the cold ap-plication to children undergoing different painful procedures be examined to determine the most effective length of cold application to reduce pain in children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2010

Purpose: To explore premature infants' pain response to routine procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: The participants were 56 preterm infants who showed 149 pain responses to 8 high frequency routine procedures which were evaluated using the Premature Infant Pain Scale (PIPS). Videotaped recording was used for data collection. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, paired t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: PIPS scores for each procedure were as follows; for removal of central catheter dressing, 6.17 (2.04), venous sampling, 6.12 (2.87), intramuscular injection, 6.05 (2.38), insertion of a peripheral line, 5.38 (2.16), insertion of feeding tube, 4.40 (1.34), heel stick, 4.33 (1.23), insertion of central line, 4.00 (2.12), and endotracheal suctioning, 2.90 (1.25). PIPS score was negatively correlated with gestational age (r=-.218, p=.007) and birth weight (r=-.249, p=.002) among general characteristics of the infants. Conclusion: The majority of 8 routine procedures were found to be painful for premature infants in the NICU. Therefore, adequate pain management related to procedures should be provided to premature infant in the NICU.