• Title/Summary/Keyword: 쌀생산량

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Selection of Carbon, Nitrogen Source and Carrier for Mass Production of Beauveria bassiana (Beauveria bassiana 대량배양을 위한 탄소원, 질소원 및 고체 기질 선발)

  • Kim, Jeong Jun;Han, Ji Hee;Lee, Sangyeob
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.328-332
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    • 2014
  • For mass production of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana 149, isolated from moth larva, by two-phase fermentation, we performed selection of carbon and nitrogen sources for liquid culture and examined solid fermentation on carrier, ingredient, temperature, and water content. Spore production with rice powder, corn powder, and starch from sweet potato was higher than that of sucrose and dissolvable starch for liquid fermentation as first-phase fermentation. As a nitrogen source, addition of peptone and yeast powder showed higher spore production than $NaNO_3$, fish powder, and soybean powder. The isolate produced more conidia in sawdust + wheat bran + corn powder, sawdust + wheat bran and rice shell + wheat bran as carrier and ingredient than vermiculite as carrier. Conidia production of B. bassiana 149 in solid-phase fermentation was twice higher at 30 than 20. Conidia yield was higher at 60% and 70% water content ($26.9{\times}10^8$ and $38.6{\times}10^8conidia/g$) than 40% and 50% ($13.9{times}10^8 $and $11.6{\times}10^8conidia/g$), respectively.

An Outlook on Cereal Grains Production in South Korea Based on Crop Growth Simulation under the RCP8.5 Climate Change Scenarios (RCP8.5 기후조건의 작물생육모의에 근거한 우리나라 곡물생산 전망)

  • Kim, Dae-Jun;Kim, Soo-Ock;Moon, Kyung-Hwan;Yun, Jin-I.
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.132-141
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    • 2012
  • Climate change impact assessment of cereal crop production in South Korea was performed using land attributes and daily weather data at a farm scale as inputs to crop models. Farmlands in South Korea were grouped into 68 crop-simulation zone units (CZU) based on major mountains and rivers as well as existing land use information. Daily weather data at a 1-km grid spacing under the A1B- and RCP8.5 scenarios were generated stochastically to obtain decadal mean of daily data. These data were registered to the farmland grid cells and spatially averaged to represent climate conditions in each CZU. Monthly climate data for each decade in 2001~2100 were transformed to 30 sets of daily weather data for each CZU by using a stochastic weather generator. Soil data and crop management information for 68 CZU were used as inputs to the CERES-rice, CERE-barley and CROPGRO-soybean models calibrated to represent the genetic features of major domestic cultivars in South Korea. Results from the models suggested that the heading or flowering of rice, winter barley and soybean could be accelerated in the future. The grain-fill period of winter barley could be extended, resulting in much higher yield of winter barley in most CZUs than that of rice. Among the three major cereal grain crops in Korea, rice seems most vulnerable to negative impact of climate change, while little impact of climate change is expected on soybeans. Because a positive effect of climate change is projected for winter barley, policy in agricultural production should pay more attention to facilitate winter barley production as an adaptation strategy for the national food security.

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) for Evaluating Carbon Emission from Conventional Rice Cultivation System: Comparison of Top-down and Bottom-up Methodology (관행농 쌀 생산체계의 탄소배출량 평가를 위한 전과정평가: top-down 방식의 국가평균값과 bottom-up 방식의 사례분석값 비교)

  • Ryu, Jong-Hee;Jung, Soon Chul;Kim, Gun-Yeob;Lee, Jong-Sik;Kim, Kye-Hoon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.1143-1152
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    • 2012
  • We established a top-down methodology to estimate carbon footprint as national mean value (reference) with the statistical data on agri-livestock incomes in 2007. We also established LCI (life cycle inventory) DB by a bottom-up methodology with the data obtained from interview with farmers from 4 large-scale farms at Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do province to estimate carbon footprint in 2011. This study was carried out to compare top-down methodology and bottom-up methodology in performing LCA (life cycle assessment) to analyze the difference in GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and carbon footprint under conventional rice cultivation system. Results of LCI analysis showed that most of $CO_2$ was emitted during fertilizer production and rice cultivation, whereas $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were mostly emitted during rice cultivation. The carbon footprints on conventional rice production system were 2.39E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by top-down methodology, whereas 1.04E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by bottom-up methodology. The amount of agro-materials input during the entire rice cultivation for the two methodologies was similar. The amount of agro-materials input for the bottom-up methodology was sometimes greater than that for top-down methodology. While carbon footprint by the bottom-up methodology was smaller than that by the top-down methodology due to higher yield per cropping season by the bottom-up methodology. Under the conventional rice production system, fertilizer production showed the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on most categories except GWP (global warming potential) category. Rice cultivation was the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on GWP category under the conventional rice production system. The main factors of carbon footprints under the conventional rice production system were $CH_4$ emission from rice paddy field, the amount of fertilizer input and rice yield. Results of this study will be used for establishing baseline data for estimating carbon footprint from 'low carbon certification pilot project' as well as for developing farming methods of reducing $CO_2$ emission from rice paddy fields.

Regional Crop Evaluation and Yield Forecast of Paddy Rice Based on Daily Weather Observation (일기상자료에 의한 읍면별 벼 작황진단 및 쌀 생산량 예측)

  • Cho Kyung Sook;Yun Jin-Il
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.12-19
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    • 1999
  • CERES-rice, a rice growth simulation model, was used in conjunction with daily weather data to figure out the spatial variation of the phenology and yields of paddy rice at 168 rice cultivation zone units(CZU) of Kyunggi Province in 1997. Two sets of cultivar specific coefficients, which represent early and mid-season maturing varieties, were derived from field experiments conducted at two crop experiment stations. The minimum data set to run the model for each CZU (daily maximum and minimum temperature, solar irradiance, and rainfall) was obtained by spatial averaging of existing 'Digital Map of Korean Climate'(Shin et al., 1999). Soil characteristics and management information at each CZU were available from the Rural Development Administration. According to a preliminary test using 5 to 9 years field data, trends of the phasic development(heading and physiological maturity), which were obtained from the model adjusted for these coefficients, were in good agreement with the observed data. However, the simulated inter-annual variation was somewhat greater than the reported variation. Rough rice yields of the early maturing cultivar calculated by the model were comparable with the reported data in terms of both absolute value and inter -annual variation. But those of the mid season cultivar showed overestimation. After running the simulation model runs with 1997 weather data for 168 CZU's, rough rice yields of the 168 CZU's calculated by the model were aggregated into corresponding 33 counties by acreage-weighting to facilitate direct comparison with the reported statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The simulation results were good at 22 out of the 26 counties with reportedly increasing yield trend with respect to the past 9 years average.

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Policy Direction for The Farmland Sizing Suitable to Regional Trait (지역특성을 반영한 영농규모화사업의 발전방향-충남지역을 중심으로-)

  • Shim, Jae-Sung
    • The Journal of Natural Sciences
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.83-121
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    • 2004
  • This study was carried out to examine how solid the production foundation of rice in Chung-Nam Province is, and, if not, to probe alternative measures through the size of farms specializing in rice, of which direction would be a pivot of rice industry-oriented policy. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1. The amount of rice production in Chung-Nam Province is highest in Korea and the size of paddy field area is the second largest : This implying that the probability that rice production in Chung-Nam Province would be severely influenced by a global trend of market conditions. The number of farms specializing in rice becoming the core group of rice farming account for 7.7 percent of the total number of farm household in Korea. Average field area financial support which had been input to farm household by Government had a noticeable effect on the improvement of the policy of farm-size program. 2. Farm-size program in Chung-Nam Province established from 1980 to 2002 in creased the cultivation size of paddy field to 19,484 hectares, and this program enhanced the buying and selling of farmland and the number of farmland bargain reached 6,431 household and 16,517 hectares, respectively, in 1995-2002. Meanwhile, long-term letting and hiring of farmland appeared so active that the bargain acreage reached 6,970 hectares, and farm involved was 7,059 households, however, the farm-exchange-and-unity program did not satisfy our expectation, because the retirement farm operators reluctantly participated to sell their farms. Another reason that had delayed the bargain of farms rested on the general category of social complication attendant upon the exchange and unity operation for scattered farm. Such difficulties would work negative effects out to carry on the target of farm-size work in general. 3. The following measures were presented to propel the farm-size promotion program : a. Occupation shift project, followed by the social security program for retirement and elderly farm operators, should be promptly established and also a number of types of incentives for promoting the letting and hiring work and farm-exchange-and-unity program would also be set up. b. To establish the effective key system of rice production, all the farm operators should increase the unit area yield of rice and lower the production cost. To do so, a great deal of production teams of rice equipped with managerial techniques and capabilities need to be organized. And, also, there should be appropriate arrays of facilities including information system. This plan is desirable to be in line with a diversity of the structural implement of regional integration based on farm system building. c. To extend the size of farm and to improve farm management, we have to devise the enlargement of individual size of farm for maximized management and the utilization of farm-size grouping method. In conclusion, it can be said that the farm-size project in Chung-Nam Province which has continued since the 1980s was satisfactorily achieved. However, we still have a lot of problems to be solved to break down the barrier for attainment of the desirable farm-size operation work.. Farm-size project has fairly close relation with farm specialization in rice and, thus, the positive support for farm household including the integrated program for both retirement farmers and off-farm operators should be considered to pursue the progressive development of the farm-size program, which is key means to successful achievement of rice farming enforcement in Chung-Nam Province.

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Trends in Carbohyarate Supply as Energy Sources (에너지 급원식품(給源食品)으로서의 탄수화물(炭水化物)의 공급(供給)추세)

  • Lee, Young-Nam
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.300-305
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    • 1986
  • The contributing ratio and type of carbohydrate supply as an energy source were investigated for the period from 1974 to 1984. The major component of energy in food groups was cereals, but the cereals and potatoes were decreased almost steadily. The share from sugars, meats, oils, milk and eggs has been doubled with per capita income increase. Vegetable foods were consisted of 90% of total energy supply. In 1984, approximate 70% of the energy supply of cereals was provided by rice. The type and composition of carbohydrate supply were influenced by per capita income and food processing technology. Less carbohydrate intake and the ratio of complex carbohydrates to refined sugar and simple sugars also decreased.

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Calculation of Virtual Water Trading Between Countries (국가 간 가상수 거래 산정)

  • Park, Sung Je;Kang, In Hye;Park, Jui;Ryu, Si Saeng
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2018.05a
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    • pp.210-210
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    • 2018
  • 효과적인 물 사용과 물 관리 정책을 수립하기 위해서는 산업적 차원에서의 물 발자국 연구를 통해 산업 전반적인 수자원 활용 상황을 비교 분석할 필요가 있다. 또한 앞으로 국가 차원의 물 안보 정책을 수립하기 위해서는 기후변화와 국제환경 변화로 인해 우리나라의 물발자국 변화를 예측하는 것이 필수적이다. 국외에서는 일찍이 물과 환경전문 교육기관인 UNESCO-IHE를 중심으로 물발자국 산정방식의 이론적 연구와 함께 가상수 무역에 대한 연구를 진행해왔으며, 국제표준화기구(International Organization for Standardization, 이하 ISO)는 2014년 물발자국에 대한 가이드라인을 국제표준으로 지정하였다. 국내에서는 2009년 가상수와 물발자국에 대한 이론이 소개되어 공공기관의 주도로 가상수 및 물발자국과 관련된 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 데이터베이스를 구축하기도 하였으나 1차 산업 위주로 구성되어 있어 2차, 3차 산업 등 다른 산업에 대한 정보는 부족한 상태이다. 따라서 앞으로는 2차, 3차 산업 등에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 국제 가상수 거래의 도출을 위한 기초자료로서 WIOD의 input-output tables와 environmental accounts 등을 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 생산량, 물사용량과 관련된 지표를 결합하여 가상수량을 도출하는 과정을 제시하고, 가상수 이동흐름 및 추이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 주요 16개국(아르헨티나, 호주, 브라질, 캐나다, 중국, 프랑스, 독일, 인도, 일본, 한국, 러시아, 사우디아라비아, 태국, 미국, 베트남)의 농축산물 주요 10개 품목(쌀, 보리, 옥수수, 밀, 콩, 감자, 채소, 소고기, 돼지고기, 계란)을 대상으로 분석을 실시했다. 또한 국가별 가상수 교역량, 국가 간 가상수 교역량에 대한 1989년부터 2014년까지의 데이터셋을 구축하고 이에 대해 분석을 수행하였다. 가상수 교역의 품목별 분석결과 주요 16개국의 주요 가상수 수입 품목은 콩, 옥수수, 밀, 보리 순이며, 주요 가상수 수출 품목은 밀, 콩, 옥수수, 쌀 순으로 파악되었다. 가상수의 종류별로 분석한 결과 가상수 교역량은 지난 25년간 녹색 가상수가 94%의 압도적으로 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. 국가별로 가상수 수출입량을 분석한 결과 1989년에서 2013년까지 미국, 브라질, 아르헨티나, 호주 등 주요 농업 국가들이 전 세계 가상수 수출에서 우위를 점하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

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Effect of maintenance of drainage ditches for various uses of paddy fields (논의 다각적 활용을 위한 용배수로 정비 효과)

  • Yi, Hyangmi
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.514-514
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    • 2022
  • 쌀 공급과잉이 사회적 문제가 되면서 논에 타작물 재배를 위한 논의 다각적 활용 시스템 구축이 매우 중요해지고 있다. 정부는 이러한 논의 다각적 활용을 위해 2020년에 우리나라 최초의 농지범용화 시범사업 지구를 선정하였다. 전북 김제시 옥성지구는 농지범용화 시범사업 지구로 선정되어 용·배수로 정비가 실시되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전북 김제시 옥성지구 용배수로 정비의 효과를 살펴보기 위해 시범사업 전후의 주요 영농여건 변화 실태를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 농업경영체 DB, 흙토람 등을 이용해 옥성지구 일대 수혜 필지와 비수혜 필지를 추출하고, 각 필지별 실제 경작자 명단을 작성 후 1:1 면담 조사를 실시하였다. 옥성지구 농지범용화 시범사업 면적은 총 50.4ha인데, 169개 필지로 구성되었다. 이 중에서 129개 필지의 총 69명의 경작자 명단이 작성되었다. 그리고 본 연구의 조사에 총 30명이 참여했고, 이 가운데 수혜구역과 비수혜구역의 논을 동시에 경작하고 있는 9농가를 대상으로 논의 다각적 활용을 위한 용·배수 정비 전후의 성과를 조사하여 분석하였다. 첫째, 9농가는 모두 논콩을 재배하고 있다. 이들의 평균 논콩 재배면적은 2020년 1.76ha에서 2021년에는 2.22ha로 증가했다. 그리고 논콩 10a 당 생산량을 살펴보면, 2020년 355.8kg/10a에서 2021년에는 567.2kg/10a로 사업 전후 논콩 단수가 211.4kg/10a 증가했다. 평균 우리나라 전국 콩의 생산량이 203kg/10a, 전북 248kg/10a(2021년 기준)인데 반해 농지범용화 시범사업 지구의 논콩 생산성은 전국 평균보다 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 논의 다각적 활용을 위한 용배수로 정비를 통해 평균 단수는 211.4kg/10a 증가하기 때문에, 용배수로 정비는 논타작물 생산성 향상에 기여하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 논의 다각적 활용을 위한 용배수로 정비 이전에 평균 침수 시간은 24시간 이내였다. 이러한 침수로 인해 논콩 재배농가들은 대부분 논타작물 재배의 어려움을 겪었다. 하지만 용배수로 정비 후 평균 침수 시간은 3시간 이내로 단축되었다. 이러한 침수시간 단축은 논콩 생산비 절감으로 이어져 용배수로 정비 후 시범사업 수혜 농가들의 논콩 직접생산비는 10a당 210,200원으로 전년 대비 34,250원/10a 감소하였다.

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Estimating Rice Yield Using MODIS NDVI and Meteorological Data in Korea (MODIS NDVI와 기상자료를 이용한 우리나라 벼 수량 추정)

  • Hong, Suk Young;Hur, Jina;Ahn, Joong-Bae;Lee, Jee-Min;Min, Byoung-Keol;Lee, Chung-Kuen;Kim, Yihyun;Lee, Kyung Do;Kim, Sun-Hwa;Kim, Gun Yeob;Shim, Kyo Moon
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.509-520
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    • 2012
  • The objective of this study was to estimate rice yield in Korea using satellite and meteorological data such as sunshine hours or solar radiation, and rainfall. Terra and Aqua MODIS (The MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products; MOD13 and MYD13 for NDVI and EVI, MOD15 and MYD15 for LAI, respectively from a NASA web site were used. Relations of NDVI, EVI, and LAI obtained in July and August from 2000 to 2011 with rice yield were investigated to find informative days for rice yield estimation. Weather data of rainfall and sunshine hours (climate data 1) or solar radiation (climate data 2) were selected to correlate rice yield. Aqua NDVI at DOY 233 was chosen to represent maximum vegetative growth of rice canopy. Sunshine hours and solar radiation during rice ripening stage were selected to represent climate condition. Multiple regression based on MODIS NDVI and sunshine hours or solar radiation were conducted to estimate rice yields in Korea. The results showed rice yield of $494.6kg\;10a^{-1}$ and $509.7kg\;10a^{-1}$ in 2011, respectively and the difference from statistics were $1.1kg\;10a^{-1}$ and $14.1kg\;10a^{-1}$, respectively. Rice yield distributions from 2002 to 2011 were presented to show spatial variability in the country.

Prediction of Rice Yield in Korea using Paddy Rice NPP index - Application of MODIS data and CASA Model - (논벼 NPP 지수를 이용한 우리나라 벼 수량 추정 - MODIS 영상과 CASA 모형의 적용 -)

  • Na, Sang Il;Hong, Suk Young;Kim, Yi Hyun;Lee, Kyoung Do;Jang, So Young
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.461-476
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    • 2013
  • Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model is one of the most quick, convenient and accurate models to estimate the NPP (Net Primary Productivity) of vegetation. The purposes of this study are (1) to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation NPP of the paddy field area in Korea from 2002 to 2012, and (2) to investigate how the rice productivity responded to inter-annual NPP variability, and (3) to estimate rice yield in Korea using CASA model applied to MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and solar radiation. MODIS products; MYD09 for NIR and SWIR bands, MYD11 for LST, MYD15 for FPAR, respectively from a NASA web site were used. Finally, (4) its applicability is to be reviewed. For those purposes, correlation coefficients (linear regression for monthly NPP and accumulated NPP with rice yield) were examined to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of the relations. As a result, the total accumulated NPP and Sep. NPP tend to have high correlation with rice yield. The rice yield in 2012 was estimated to be 526.93kg/10a by accumulated NPP and 520.32 kg/10a by Sep. NPP. RMSE were 9.46kg/10a and 12.93kg/10a, respectively, compared with the yield forecast of the National Statistical Office. This leads to the conclusion that NPP changes in the paddy field were well reflected rice yield in this study.