• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• 제2권9호
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• pp.595-602
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• 2013

WiFi fingerprinting is well known as an effective localization technique used for indoor environments. However, this technique requires a large amount of pre-built fingerprint maps over the entire space. Moreover, due to environmental changes, these maps have to be newly built or updated periodically by experts. As a way to avoid this problem, crowd-sourced fingerprint mapping attracts many interests from researchers. This approach supports many volunteer users to share their WiFi fingerprints collected at a specific environment. Therefore, crowd-sourced fingerprinting can automatically update fingerprint maps up-to-date. In most previous systems, however, individual users were asked to enter their positions manually to build their local fingerprint maps. Moreover, the systems do not have any principled mechanism to keep fingerprint maps clean by detecting and filtering out erroneous fingerprints collected from multiple users. In this paper, we present the design of a crowd-sourced fingerprint mapping and localization(CMAL) system. The proposed system can not only automatically build and/or update WiFi fingerprint maps from fingerprint collections provided by multiple smartphone users, but also simultaneously track their positions using the up-to-date maps. The CMAL system consists of multiple clients to work on individual smartphones to collect fingerprints and a central server to maintain a database of fingerprint maps. Each client contains a particle filter-based WiFi SLAM engine, tracking the smartphone user's position and building each local fingerprint map. The server of our system adopts a Gaussian interpolation-based error filtering algorithm to maintain the integrity of fingerprint maps. Through various experiments, we show the high performance of our system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.513-524
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• 2005

This study was conducted to introduce recycling procedures of food waste(FW) as feed according to the dehydration, semi-dehydration fermentation and liquid fermentation methods through the on-site survey of companies related, to trace physico-chemical components and nutritional losses depending upon the processing stage for each method and finally to suggest more desirable methodology for the efficient utilization of FW as animal feed. For the dehydration method, dewatering of FW alone reduced(P<0.05) moisture(approximately 10%) and ether extract contents and increased(P<0.05) fiber contents. Dewatering and subsequent dehydration of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of ether extract, limiting amino acids such as lysine, methionine and histidine, pepsin digestibility of protein by half, and NaCl content by 40%, increased(P<0.05) contents of fiber, crude ash, Ca and P, and did not alter(P>0.05) pH. The semi-dehydration fermentation method of FW did not affect(P>0.05) the chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein, pH and NaCl content. For the liquid fermentation method, pasteurization and fermentation of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of dry matter, ether extract, crude fiber, lysine and NaCl; however, it did not affect(P>0.05) other chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein and pH. Among the processing methods, nutrient losses were highest for the dehydration method(25% of metabolizable energy loss, 12% of organic matter loss) and little for the semi-dehydration and liquid fermentation methods. The on-site survey of companies related revealed that the existence of foreign materials in FW products were problematic for all the three companies surveyed, thus it was necessary to develop a more efficient screener. Before feeding FW-containing diets to pigs, high quality of protein and energy feedstuffs needed to be fortified for the dehydration method. For the semi-dehydration fermentation method, the scientific diet formulation technology was required at the initial mixing stage. For the liquid fermentation method, possibly most energetic and proteinaceous feeds needed to be supplemented for the normal animal growth.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.787-796
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in pigs. In Exp 1., a total of one hundred nursery pigs (initial body weight 13.12${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 21 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. ADG, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diet was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diet (P=0.01). The GB treatments reduced fecal volatile fatty acids significantly compared to the CON (propionic acid, P=0.01; butyric acid, P=0.01; acetic acid, P=0.02). Especially, fecal propionic acid concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diets was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diets (P=0.02). In Exp 2., a total of seventy five pigs (initial body weight 21.18${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The treatments were same as described for Exp. 1. Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. The GB1.0 treatments significantly increased the ADG compared to the GB0.5 treatments (P=0.03). The DM and N digestibility of pigs fed the GB1.0 diets were higher than that for pigs fed the GB0.5 diets (P=0.01). Also, the Ca digestibility of pigs fed the GB diets was higher than that for pigs fed the CON diets (P=0.01). The fecal NH3-N concentrations for the GB treatments were lower than that for the CON (P=0.01). The GB325 treatments significantly decreased the fecal NH3-N concentration compared to the GB200 treatments (P=0.03). The fecal butyric acid concentration for the GB325 treatments was lower than that for the GB200 treatment (P=0.04). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the dietary GB for nursery pigs affects fecal noxious gas emission. In growing pigs, dietary GB was effective to improve ADG and decrease fecal noxious gas emission.

• Survey Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-38
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• 2005

Considering the importance of corruption index measurement model and the diffusion of popular awareness about the importance of anti-corruption, this research compared and analyzed existing corruption index measurement models. This paper has selected "Anti-Corruption Index model(ACI model)" that was developed by Seoul Development Institute and "CCEJ's Corruption Index model" which is under use by the Citizens' Coaltion for Economic Justice. These two models were analyzed in terms of appropriateness of 'the indicator and index choice method', 'the research design' and 'the use of statistical data'. This analysis shows that two models have some problems. First, at the level of indicator and index choice method, the indicators of CCEJ's corruption index model is too atomized and redundant. As not putting weight of indicator, it did not consider importance of each indicator. Citizens who evaluated the level of corruption didn't participate in the weight evaluation team, which results in failure of the model to reflect the citizens' opinion. Also, because the question about Seoul Metropolis' corruption level is not included, it is not detected difference between real corruption level and perceptive corruption level. Second, in terms of appropriateness of research design, the sample of the CCEJ' corruption index model is too small to get credibility. The objectivity of research method seems to be low because survey was performed by exit interview. In addition, 38 items are overfull in the questionnire of CCEJ's corruption index model compare to 13 items in ACI model. Also, in making up questions, the terms are redundant and unobvious. Third, in regarding with feasibility of the statistical data, the CCEJ's corruption index model uses regulation data for disciplinary punishment of 25 local governments in Seoul from 1995 to 1999. But, it is common ideas of scholars that statistical data indicates the tip of an iceberg in corruption. So for using a statistical data, it needs a data of enough quantity and has a high level credibility. In addition, objective method of giving weight is not developed. In this point of view, the use of statistical data has some limits. To solve this problem, ① objective data should be included in the indicators, ② various indicators should be developed and ③ a method of giving weight should be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.134-147
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the functional unit system of NCS landscape field for correction and supplementation of NCS landscape field and the contents of the four-year college landscape course subject. First, 24 unconsolidated four-year universities were selected, and FGI was conducted and verified for 816 courses in 24 universities. The results of the study are summarized as follows, with three sections three, nine divisions and 65 sub-category. First, landscape design subjects accounted for 40.0% of the subjects organized by four-year universities. In addition, the ratio of 12.9% for ecological landscape, 11.3% for landscape construction, 10.2% for others, 10.0% for landscape information, 6.6% for landscape culture and 3.7% for landscape management was surveyed. Balanced and efficient modification and reinforcement of NCS is required in the future. Second, 10(18.9%) units with matching NCS performance criteria and educational objectives were found to be capable of different units(18.9%), 15(28.3%), and 37subjects with inconsistent NCS unit capability (56.9%). Third, looking at the criteria for the reference of each unit of capability presented by the NCS, it is deemed that one unit of capability should be organized separately to improve the practical ability, since it includes the contents of basic knowledge learning. Fourth, the objectives pursued on the basis of the contents of the NCS capability unit and four-year college curriculum were developed by focusing on the development of unit capabilities in the field of landscape construction and landscape management compared to the field of landscape design. It has been shown that a balance is needed for future development. This study is intended to put forward further research that re-examine specific curriculum assessment criteria that have not been classified in the course of classifications based on the curriculum handbook, which excludes interferences from each school.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.6-15
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• 2009

In this paper, a new 4-way search window is designed for the high-performance 2D PE architecture in H.264 Motion Estimation(ME) to improve the memory bandwidth. While existing 2D PE architectures reuse the overlapped data of adjacent search windows scanned in 1 or 3-way, the new window utilizes the overlapped data of adjacent search windows as well as adjacent multiple scanning (window) paths to enhance the reusage of retrieved search window data. In order to scan adjacent windows and multiple paths instead of single raster and zigzag scanning of adjacent windows, bidirectional row and column window scanning results in the 4-way(up. down, left, right) search window. The proposed 4-way search window could improve the reuse of overlapped window data to reduce the redundancy access factor by 3.1, though the 1/3-way search window redundantly requires $7.7{\sim}11$ times of data retrieval. Thus, the new 4-way search window scheme enhances the memory bandwidth by $70{\sim}58%$ compared with 1/3-way search window. The 2D PE architecture in H.264 ME for 4-way search window consists of $16{\times}16$ pe array. computing the absolute difference between current and reference frames, and $5{\times}16$ reusage array, storing the overlapped data of adjacent search windows and multiple scanning paths. The reference data could be loaded upward and downward into the new 2D PE depending on scanning direction, and the reusage array is combined with the pe array rotating left as well as right to utilize the overlapped data of adjacent multiple scan paths. In experiments, the new implementation of 4-way search window on Magnachip 0.18um could deal with the HD($1280{\times}720$) video of 1 reference frame, $48{\times}48$ search area and $16{\times}16$ macroblock by 30fps at 149.25MHz.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the fitness of adjustable dental impression trays on the Chinese and the Japanese. Material and methods: Initial design of the adjustable dental trays was developed from the results of the dental arch size of Korean adults. This design was applied to the CAD-CAM process in order to create tray model samples. Simple silicon-base molds were then replicated based on these sample models. Polyurethane injection into the silicon- base molds completed the process of creating a large number of test products. 60 Chinese dental students (male:30, female:30) from the Shanghai Second Medical University and 60 Japanese alumni from the Kumamoto high school (male:30, female:30) were selected for taking irreversible hydrocolloid impression with these trays. The width and length of the impression body were measured on several measuring points by Vernier caliper. The results were analyzed statistically to evaluate the fitness of the trays. Results: 1. Uniform impression material thickness was achieved on the Chinese and Japanese by controlling the width of the tray using stops and beveled guides. The material thickness was generally within the range of 3 mm to 6 mm. 2. In the maxillary tray of the Chinese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 6.2 mm, the canine was 5.9 mm and the midpalatal part 10.5 mm and the posterior palatal part 9.7 mm. These were relatively large values. 3. In the mandibular tray of the Chinese, average length of the impression material of the lingual vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.9 mm, the incisal teeth was 7.8 mm and thickness of the labial part of canine was 6.8 mm and premolars 7.0 mm. These were relatively large values. 4. In the maxillary tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 7.4 mm, the canine was 7.7 mm and the midpalatal part 9.1 mm. These were relatively large values. 5. In the mandibular tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.4 mm, and thickness of the labial part of canine was 7.4 mm. These were relatively large values. Conclusion: This adjustable dental tray shows good accuracy to Korean because it was designed by the analysis of the dental arch size of Korean adult model. With this result, it can be applied to Chinese and Japanese, we can take more easy and accurate dental impressions.

• Journal of Science Education
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of science class using the multimedia materials on high school students' attitude toward science. The subjects were 222 high school students. For this study, 11th graders at a high school were assigned to a comparison group and an experimental group. The experimental group was received science class using multimedia materials for 3 months. The research design was pretest-posttest control group design, the data were analyzed using PASW statistics 18.0 program. The types of multimedia materials used in experimental group were science fiction movies, science documentaries, TV programs, and Power Point presentations created by students. Before and after treatment, the attitude toward science tests were administered. Pre-tests and post-test score differences between 2 groups were analyzed by ANCOVA. The differences of attitude toward science based on gender were compared by analysis of covariance. And the perception on science class with multimedia materials were also investigated. The results of this study were as follows: First, the attitude toward science was improved significantly after applying science classes using multimedia materials. Especially, there were significant difference between pre-test and post-test in the score of attitude toward science class and attitude toward science content which were sub-area of attitude toward science. Second, there was no significant difference between female and male students in total score of attitude toward science. However, the attitude toward science, scientists and society, which was a sub-area of attitude toward science, female students scored significantly higher than male students. Third, 84% student showed a positive perception that the science class enhanced their interest in science. 69% the students responded that we had thought about Science-Technology-Society. Multimedia material types which the students prefered were science fiction movie, science documentaries, science TV programs, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2017

Due to the positive effect of forest space for child development, the creation and operation of forest activity space of various organizations is increasing in quantity; however, the research on practical space design and management program is insufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the space and management programs of the forest experience centers through the post-occupancy evaluation of teachers and preschoolers participating in forest activities. To do this, we analyzed the selected twelve sites through field survey, class observation, and interviews with forest education specialists, and then surveyed 115 forest education experts and childcare teachers for importance, performance, overall satisfaction, and space preference. In addition, we accessed overall satisfaction and space preference of twenty-nine preschoolers through interviews, photo-simulation, and questionnaires. As a result, the importance and performance of management program area was rated higher than the spatial characteristics area. In terms of group comparison, the group with active structured program rated two areas higher than the groups with free play. Preschoolers with structured programs preferred facility space, but preschoolers with free play preferred nature. Two preschooler groups rated forest activity as satisfactory. Based on the analysis results: 1) The composition of the forest activity space should ensure accessibility, safety, diversity of diversity, water space, connect to the forest road, and secure various terrains, trees, and natural materials; 2) The management program should ensure that forest activity programs have the proportional balance of structural programs and free play; also. management programs should plan for sufficient free playtime and a high share of play in the forest; and 3) Ensure the role and expertise of forestry specialists and run a program to increase the autonomy of preschoolers.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The lateral strength test of bending type was done to investigate the lateral capacity of the double bolt connection of domestic larix glulam according to bolt spacing. In the shear specimen, which is bolted connection in the inserted plate type, the hole of bolt was made, changing the diameter of bolt (12 mm and 16 mm), the number of bolt (single bolt : control and double bolt), the direction of bolt row (in parallel to grain : Type-A and in perpendicular to grain : Type-B) and the bolt spacing (Type-A : 4 d and 7 d and Type-B : 3 d and 5 d). Lateral capacity and failure mode of bolt connection were compared according to conditions. In prototype design (KBCS, 2000), the reduction factor of the allowable shear resistance that the bolt spacing is reduced was calculated. The results were as follows. 1) Bearing stress per bolt in the single and double bolt connection of Type-A was directly proportional to bolt diameter and bolt spacing. Bearing stress of Type-B decreased as bolt diameter was increased, and decreased by 2~10% when bolt diameter was increased. 2) In the single bolt connection and the double bolt connection of Type-A, the splitted failure was formed in the edge direction. When the bolt spacing was 3 d in Type-B, bolt was yielded more in the part of tension than in the part of compression, and the splitted failure started at the bolt in the part of tension. In the 5 d spacing specimen, the bolt in the part of tension was yielded similarly to bolt in the part of compression, and the splitted failure started in the part of compression. 3) In the prototype design, the reduction factor was calculated by non-dimensionizing the yielding load in the standard of bolt spacing (Type A : 7 d and Type B : 5 d). In 12 mm bolt connection, the reduction factor of bolt spacing 4 d (type-A) and single bolt connection was 0.87 and 0.55, respectively, and the reduction factor of bolt spacing 3 d (Type-B) and single bolt connection was 0.91 and 0.55, respectively. In 16 mm bolt connection, the reduction factor of bolt spacing 4 d (type-A) and single bolt connection was 0.96 and 0.76, respectively, and the reduction factor of bolt spacing 3 d (Type-B) and single bolt connection was 0.91 and 0.77, respectively.