• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.331-333
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• 2005

최근 전력시스템이 점차 복잡해지고 대규모화 되어감에 따라 신뢰도 높은 운영이 어려워지고 그에 따라 세계 여러 나라에서 광역정전이 비교적 자주 발생되고 있다. 전력시스템의 보다 신뢰도 높은 운용을 위하여는 궁극적으로 발전, 송전, 변전 및 배전에 이르는 전 과정에 걸쳐 수평적 및 계층적으로 구성되어 있는 각 설비들의 감시 및 운용시스템들 간에 자율적이고 신속한 정보 교환이 가능하여야 한다. 주로 단순한 시퀀스 제어를 위하여 운용 시스템들 간의 통신수단으로 사용되던 기존의 시리얼 통신 기술은 TCP/IP를 지원하는 광통신 및 무선 네트워크 시스템으로 대치되어 왔고 이를 바탕으로 보다 효과적인 전력설비 및 시스템의 감시 및 제어가 가능하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 SOAP[1] 및 UDDI[2]기술을 바탕으로 하는 표준화된 웹 서비스를 이용하여 전력실비간 정보전달 기법을 소개함으로써 전력시스템의 유비쿼터스 화를 촉진하여 언제, 어디서, 어떤 설비들 간에서도 전력운용정보를 자율적으로 교환하는 것을 가능케 하기 위한 기반기술에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 네트워크망과XML을 이용한 메타데이터를 바탕으로 전력설비 감시 및 운용 시스템들간의 통신 시스템을 구축하기 위한 확장성과 사용자 편리성을 증대시킨 정보교환 기법에 대하여도 논의하고자 한다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 1994

In the country, supervision cost is being estimated by percentages of construction cost or cost plus a fixed fee without a reasonable standard. This type has no function for adjusting supervision cost according to variables, such as construction work complexity, extent of supervisory services, fluctuations in prices. In this study, an objective criterion to estimate supervision cost with improved supervisory services has been developed, in which adjusting functions as stated above should be properly considered. A comparative study of supervisory service systems in foreign countries and a survey through questionnaire were carried out for the study. An objective criterion from the results is proposed in the form of an expression or table.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.50-57
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• 2009

The Kyoto Protocol finally entered into force in 2008. In this respect, it is imperative to explore different options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for developing countries under the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. One of the main sources of $CO_2$ gas emission is fossil fueled power plants, thereby emission reduction could be achieved by substituting fossil fuel by non-fossil fuel sources on electric power generation sector. This paper presents the method for evaluating the effectiveness of emissions trading by fuel mix change. The cost of Fuel mix is formulated considering the economic effects of emission trading in electricity market. And the optimal fuel mix is proposed under the given emission constraints.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

To compare and analyze the differences between flight simulation and actual flight among 130 army helicopter pilot training subjects, the correlation analysis was performed first through t-testing and multiple regression analysis of individual characteristics and flight simulation and actual instrument flight training, which were analyzed significantly in the age (a3) and service classification (a5) of the six verification factors. This has been shown to be significant, with no difference between the flight simulator and the actual flight. Second, in order to study the correlation between aircraft types, the flight evaluation (v1) was analyzed as a dependent variable for the performance of the flight simulator (KUH: s2, UH60: s3, AH-1S: s5, UH-1H: s6), and the results of the multiple regression analysis of the flight simulator evaluation (s1) were analyzed, in contrast, as a dependent variable, and in conclusion, the training of the flight simulator provided statistical data on the possibility of replacing the actual flight training, which is thought to contribute to the orientation, budget reduction and aviation safety of the pilot training.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2009

Data exclusivity is one of the most important intellectual property rights of pharmaceuticals. During data exclusivity period, third parties are prohibited from relying on the data which the original company has submitted to regulatory authority for drug application. I investigated data exclusivity systems for pharmaceuticals in the US, EU, Canada and Korea. New chemical entities were usually given the longest periods of data exclusivity compared to drugs with new indication or new formulation, although the protection periods varied by country. For new drugs to be entitled to a data exclusivity, strict conditions should be met. Data exclusivity has also been provided as an incentive to promote clinical investigation and drug development for pediatric population or orphan diseases. In Korea, data exclusivity was adopted in 1995 as an additive provision to "drug re-examination" which is to investigate post-marketing safety information of new drugs. It was introduced with few discussion on the purposes or effects of data exclusivity on pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical market in this country. I found that Korea's data exclusivity system falls short of considerations on valuing innovation of pharmaceutical research. It is necessary to improve data exclusivity system in order to promote innovative pharmaceutical development and to balance intellectual property rights protection and access to drugs in this country.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.50-67
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• 2000

This study aims to estimate the consumption of antibiotics in Korea and to suggest the further studies. To measure the amount of antibiotics consumption, we referred to the statistic of NFHI(National Federation of Health Insurance) and a private institute of pharmaceutical information(Korea Intercontinental Medical Statistics; IMS Korea). There were 1,563 antibiotics produced in Korea in 1997. The total amount of antibiotics production was 1,197 billion won in 1997. Antibiotics accounted for 17.6% of the total pharmaceutical productions in 1997. Cephalosporins have taken the largest part of antibiotics production since 1992. The estimation using NFHI data showed that the total expenditure of antibiotics used in health facilities was 268 billion won, 608 billion won, 911 billion won in 1990, 1994, 1997 respectively. Tertiary hospitals spent 246 billion won, general hospitals 287 billion won, hospitals 78 billion won, clinics 300 billion won in 1997. The amount of expenditure and the intensity of antibiotics consumption in hospitals have increased more steeply than any other health facilities. The total expenditure of antibiotics consumption in health facilities and pharmacies was 778 billion won when estimated using the data from IMS Korea, and 999 billion won from NFHI. Cephalosporins was the fast growing antibiotics group in all of the market- hospitals, clinics, pharmacies since 1991. To measure the amount and patterns of antibiotics consumption more precisely, a pharmaceutical monitoring or surveillance system is needed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.492-499
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to examine the association between the knowledge and behavior of consumers on antibiotics use for common cold. Consumers' knowledge about antibiotics was measured by a questionnaire consisting of six items related to the effect of antibiotics and another three items about use of antibiotics. Telephone interview was conducted during the days between June 24 and July 2, 2009, and 1,015 persons responded the interview. Final analysis included 896 persons without missing data. Thirty six percent of respondents answered that they checked their prescriptions to ensure that antibiotics was prescribed for common cold. About 6% asked their doctors to prescribe antibiotics for common cold, and 9.7% asked them not to. More than a quarter of respondents answered that they used to take antibiotics leftover from a previous illness. Patients who knew better about the effect of antibiotics on common cold were more likely to ask doctors not to prescribe antibiotics (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.45~3.65), or to check prescriptions (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.40~2.46). Higher knowledge about use of antibiotics was related to low probability of asking doctors to prescribe antibiotics. This result suggests that consumers' knowledge about antibiotics can influence doctor's prescription of antibiotics for common cold.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2008

Consultation program for pharmaceutical development is a new system in which pharmaceutical companies meet and discuss scientific and/or regulatory issues with drug regulatory authority in the research process and before submitting new drug applications. This program helps pharmaceutical companies reduce uncertainties in the research and development and increase the possibilities of getting drug marketing approval. Developed countries such as US, EU, and Japan have implemented various forms of pre-submission meetings or consultation programs since the mid-1990s. The rapid development of technology in pharmaceutical R&D increases the importance of communication between drug development companies and drug regulatory authority in Korea, too. In designing the consultation program, it is desirable to focus on the stages of clinical trials which take the longest period of time and the biggest amount of money in the pharmaceutical R&D process. We suggested that results or recommendations by drug regulatory authorities in pre-submission meetings or consultations be formally documented and considered in review process. Explicit scientific reasons are required for changing the results from consultations.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2008

This study investigated social relief schemes for serious adverse drug reactions in foreign countries and deduced lessons and implications for Korea to implement the scheme. A social relief scheme for serious adverse drug reactions provides reliefs for diseases and such health effects as disabilities or deaths that were caused by adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals prescribed at hospitals and clinics as well as those purchased at pharmacies notwithstanding their proper use. The US and the UK do not have specific relief schemes for adverse drug reactions but apply rules of strict liability or negligence. New Zealand and Nordic countries provide no-fault compensation schemes for health effects or injuries caused by medical treatments or medicinal products. Japan and Taiwan have operated the schemes since 1980 and 2000, respectively. In designing the scheme in Korea, we suggested that cases eligible for relief be confined to serious adverse reactions such as death or disability and then extended to diseases. It is desirable to encourage the reporting system of adverse drug reactions and quality use of medicines for the relief scheme to work efficiently.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.50-60
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• 2008

The ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000 method has been commonly used to design grounding system for the South Korea domestic market. However, the appropriateness of this method to the ground design environment has not yet been examined. This paper presents a new design grounding system method that complements the ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000 method, when the new method is a lied to thickness, dangerous voltage, and grid spaced computations for grounding conductors. Furthermore, this paper examines reliability and economic efficiency issues by comparing of the ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000 Annex B's case study with the original method.