• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1061-1068
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• 2012

This paper deals with a noise reduction algorithm which uses the binary masking approach in the time-frequency domain to improve speech intelligibility. In the binary masking approach, the noise-corrupted speech is decomposed into time-frequency units. Noise-dominant time-frequency units are removed by setting the corresponding binary masks as "0"s and target-dominant units are retained untouched by assigning mask "1"s. We propose a binary mask estimation by comparing the local signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to a threshold. The local SNR is estimated by a training-based approach. An optimal threshold is proposed, which is obtained from observing the distribution of the training database. The proposed method is evaluated by normal-hearing subjects and the intelligibility scores are computed by counting the number of words correctly recognized.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2004

Purpose : The quantization noise in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems is analyzed. The signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) in the reconstructed image is derived from the level of quantization in the signal in spatial frequency domain. Based on the derived formula, the SQNRs in various main magnetic fields with different receiver systems are evaluated. From the evaluation, the quantization noise could be a major noise source determining overall system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in high field MRI system. A few methods to reduce the quantization noise are suggested. Materials and methods : In Fourier imaging methods, spin density distribution is encoded by phase and frequency encoding gradients in such a way that it becomes a distribution in the spatial frequency domain. Thus the quantization noise in the spatial frequency domain is expressed in terms of the SQNR in the reconstructed image. The validity of the derived formula is confirmed by experiments and computer simulation. Results : Using the derived formula, the SQNRs in various main magnetic fields with various receiver systems are evaluated. Since the quantization noise is proportional to the signal amplitude, yet it cannot be reduced by simple signal averaging, it could be a serious problem in high field imaging. In many receiver systems employing analog-to-digital converters (ADC) of 16 bits/sample, the quantization noise could be a major noise source limiting overall system SNR, especially in a high field imaging. Conclusion : The field strength of MRI system keeps going higher for functional imaging and spectroscopy. In high field MRI system, signal amplitude becomes larger with more susceptibility effect and wider spectral separation. Since the quantization noise is proportional to the signal amplitude, if the conversion bits of the ADCs in the receiver system are not large enough, the increase of signal amplitude may not be fully utilized for the SNR enhancement due to the increase of the quantization noise. Evaluation of the SQNR for various systems using the formula shows that the quantization noise could be a major noise source limiting overall system SNR, especially in three dimensional imaging in a high field imaging. Oversampling and off-center sampling would be an alternative solution to reduce the quantization noise without replacement of the receiver system.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1E
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• pp.15-22
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• 1992

잡음이 있는 환경하에서는 음성 인식의 성능이 현저하게 떨어지게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이렇나 잡음의 영향에 강한 거리척도를 제안하고자 한다. 우리는 잡음이 더해진 음성신호의 특징벡터를 깨끗한 음성신호의 특징벡터가 FIR 시스템을 거쳐 변형된 것이라고 가정한다. 여기서 FIR 시스템은 잡음의 영 향을 모델링한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 미지의 FIR 시스템 계수잡음의 영향을 모델링한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 미지의 FIR 시스템계수들은 RLS 적응 알고리즘을 이용하여 구한다. 제안된 거리척도는 적응 여파 기의 예측 오차에 관한 식으로 표시되어진다. 여러 가지 적응 여파기의 구조중 단일 채널 일차 FIR 구 조가 가장 좋은 음성 인식 성능을 보이며, 이 경우 효과적인 거리척도 알고리즘을 구할 수 있다. 여러 가지 신호대 잡음비에 관하여 화자독립 격리단어 인식 실험을 DTW 알고리즘을 이용하여 수행하여 본 결과 제안된 거리척도가 거의 모든 신호대 잡음비에 대하여 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 1999

In thls paper, the representative beal textraction algorIthms for the diagnostic parameter extraction in noisy signal were compared. We used the avernge, median, mode, and trmmed mean to calculale the central tendency. In our experimenl, we have restricted to four kinds of noises -EMG noise, 60Hz powerline inlerference, ahrupl baseline shift, and baselme drift due to respimtion-which were commonly occurred in ECG mgnal, then we have calculated signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs) for the ECG corrupted with each noise and all noises together. As the result of this paper, we have proved that the average method has super lor performance than the others in the ECG corrupted wilh EMG noise. When the signal mcludes extreme value such as abrupt baseline shIft, the median, mode, trimmed mean methods have supenor performance in the SNR ratios. Especially when the ECG corrupted with baseline drift due to respirallon, the trimmed mean method was most efficient because ST level change was 0 V.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1996

일본의 품질 전문가 다구찌가 제안한 파라미터 설계의 장단점에 대해 많은 논의가 있어왔다. 본 연구에서는 신호 대 잡음 비율에 초점을 두어, 이론적 쟁점이 무엇인지를 요약하고, 그 문제점을 모의실험을 통해 구체적으로 지적하였다. 한편 신호 대 잡음 비율에 대한 대안 중에서 Box의 변수변환 방법을 소개하였다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.19-32
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• 2003

In the conventional photorefractive joint transform correlator(PRJTC), the intensity ration of input signal-to-pump beam should be large enough to saturate two-beam coupling transfer function to obtain a desired correlation result. As a result, the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of correlation result is decreased in a noisy input image. In this paper, we propose the improved method for increasing the SNR of the PRJTC by using the characteristics of BaTiO$_3$. We stop the energy transfer saturating by low intensity ratio of input beam and realize a short length of effective interaction in BaTiO$_3$ by making large incident angle of the signal beam. So the gain in high frequency area is decreased and the gain in low frequency area comes up to the saturation gain of the beam coupling transfer function. Therefore the SNR is improved in noisy input image and the PRJTC can be easily realized by low intensity ratio of input beam.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.291-294
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 잡음의 변화(variance)가 없는 정적인 통계적 특성(Stationary Static Characteristic)을 갖는 환경에서 잡음 추정을 통해 지각 필터의 성능을 개선하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 잡음 추정 알고리즘은 입력되는 잡음에 열화 된 신호의 묵음 구간에서 추정된 잡음을 이용하여 입력되는 잡음의 SNR을 추정 후, 대역 별로 smoothing 상수 값으로 잡음 에너지를 제어하여 첨가된 잡음을 추정함으로써 초기 추정 잡음 보다 가까운 추정 잡음을 얻을 수 있게 된다. 이는 신호를 열화 시킨 잡음을 보다 정확한 추정을 제공함으로써, 지각 필터의 응답을 개선할 수 있고 더불어 잡음에 의해 열화 된 신호의 음질을 개선할 수 있다. 또한 저 대역에 영향을 미치는 잡음인 경우 다른 방법들과는 달리 음질의 개선이 뚜렷하다. 기존의 방식과 비교를 위해 다양한 신호 대 잡음 비(signal-to-noise ratio, SNR)에서 열화 된 오디오 신호를 입력으로 사용하였다. 입력 SNR이 5dB, 10dB, 15dB와 20dB의 각각의 경우에 대하여 SSNR(Segmental SNR)과 잡음 대 마스킹 비(Noise-to-mask ratio, NMR), 음질 테스트를 수행한 결과, 청감 테스트(Mean Opinion Score, MOS Test) 결과의 향상과 음질개선의 개선을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2010

This study tested how S/N (Signal to Noise Ratio) ratios and ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) values vary with different T-scores in a group of patients with osteoporosis. Based on DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) T-scores for L1.L4 for two groups of subjects consisting of 30 healthy people without osteoporosis and 30 patients who came for treatment of waist (lumbar or low back) pain and were suspected to have osteoporosis as judged from the simple X-ray findings, this study classified every spine into two groups of osteoporosis and osteopenia. Signal intensity measurements were made in the four regions of L1 to L4 on diffusion-weighted MR images obtained using 1.5T MR scanner, while ADC measurements were obtained from ADC map images. As an approach for quantitative analysis, the comparison of the variances in S/N ratios and ADC values for varying T-scores in the selected regions of interest was carried out based on averaged T-scores, S/N ratios, and ADC values. Also, the variances in S/N ratios and ADC values for each of the groups of osteoporosis and osteopenia, which were classified into by T-scores, were compared. For qualitative analysis, a careful naked eye examination of signal intensity differences in the area of L4 was made on T1-weighted sagittal images for each of the healthy (normal), osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups. In the qualitative analysis, it was found that for both the osteopenia group and the osteoporosis group, as T-scores deceased, the S/N ratios on diffusion-weighted MR images also decreased, with the greatest decrease in the S/N ratio found in the osteoporosis group. Additionally, among the three groups, the lowest S/N ratio was found in the osteoporosis group. With respect to ADC map, it was found that for both the osteopenia group and the osteoporosis group, as T-scores deceased, the ADC values on diffusion-weighted MR images also decreased, with the greatest decrease in the ADC values found in the osteoporosis group. Additionally, among the three groups, the lowest ADC value was found in the osteoporosis group. On the other hand, in the qualitative analysis, the osteoporosis group showed the highest signal intensity. Additionally, among the three groups, the lowest signal intensity was found in the healthy (normal) group. It was found that as osteoporosis progressed, S/N ratio and ADC decreased, whereas signal intensity increased on T1-weighted images. Also, in diagnosing osteoporosis, MRI tests turned out to be (more) effective.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 1999

We have experimentally investigated the eye margin characteristics of intensity modulated 10Gb/s NRZ signals in optically amplified systems depending on optical signal-to-noise ratio and chromatic dispersion. For the practical system application, the minimum optical signal-to-noise ratio was 25 dB. We utilized the negative chirped transmitter and a dispersion compensation fiber to compensate the chromatic dispersion in single mode fiber. We found the optimum eye opening and receiver sensitivity in case of the residual dispersion of 0~+935 ps/nm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of diffusion weighted images in breast MRI by performing a quantitative comparative analysis in patients diagnosed with DCIS. On a 3.0T MR scanner, diffusion weighted images and ADC map images were obtained from 20 patients histologically diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The findings from the quantitative image analysis are the following: The diffusion weighted images showed higher SNR and CNR at the lesion area. In addition, the ADC values were lower at the lesion area.