• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.1 s.94
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

This study accomplished to grasp the present condition of HAPs and to examine efficiently carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects through health risk assessment in new apartments from June, 2004 to May,2005. Moreover, we performed uncertainty analysis by Monte-Carlo analysis to control uncertainty of exposure factors. The major results obtained from this study were as follows. Firstly, cancer risk of formaldehyde for male was $1.67{\times}10^{-5}$ in CTE in point estimation. Cancer risk of formaldehyde was showed $2.94{\times}10^{-3}$ in RME that applied worst case used results of 95 percentile in point estimation. It exceeds $10^{-6}$ of guide line in US EPA. Moreover, cancer risks of formaldehyde for female were $3.98{\times}10^{-5}$ in CTE and $3.93{\times}10^{-3}$ RME. Secondly, every hazard index for non-carcinogenic pollutants was less than 1 of permitted standards in CTE. However, in RME of male, hazard indexes of 1,2-Dichloropropane and Toluene were 1.3 and 2.0, respectively. Hazard indexes of 1,2-Dichloropropane and Totuene for female in RME were 1.7 and 2.6, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.110-114
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• 2016

Newly constructed multi-residential buildings with more than 500 households should be flushed out indoor contaminants using a mechanical ventilation system or large fans after the completion of construction and prior to occupancy by the Heath-friendly Housing Construction Standards since 2014. In addition, the standard recommends to maintain indoor temperature over $16^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity below 60% while performing the flush-out. However, it is difficult to maintain these recommended indoor conditions, especially during winter season because additional energy cost is needed for space heating. Therefore, in this study, additional energy cost including heating and ventilation energy cost in multi-residential household for flush-out during winter season was estimated using building energy simulation program called EnergyPlus. Additional energy cost according to various conditions for performing flush-out (such as performance period, ventilation rate, and heating set-point temperature) was analyzed. Based on the results of the energy simulation, the energy cost was estimated to be ranged from 14,625 to 29,452\/household in Incheon city and from 3,521 to 26,268\/household in Gwangju City. There was no significant change in energy cost according to the performing terms of flush-out between Incheon and Gwangju City.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2018

Recently, negative effects on human health such as disease caused by harmful environment have been dealt with seriously. In particular, studies on the effect of radon exposure, which is known as a primary carcinogen in lung cancer due to radioactive materials, have been actively studied. In Korea, since January 1, 2018, radon measurement is mandatory when building a new apartment, so it is necessary to measure the radon concentration and submit it to the local government and it should be posted where residents can see it. Radon has only recommended standards for multi-use facilities, but now it has decided to set recommendation standards for private homes. Therefore, it should now be possible to manage the radon in the environmental impact assessment phase as well as in the Post-environmental Impact Assessment. It should be possible to share health information such as the radon concentration and the risk of radon, and participation of health experts in the environmental impact assessment stage is required. Soil, air quality, hygiene and aerial items should be improved to take into account the effects of radon on human health during the environmental impact assessment process. If the level value of conncentration of radon shows above the recommended level, then alternative measures should be prepared and mitigation measures should be prepared as well.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.12-20
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• 2017

The biggest reason to prefer the remodeling is a relatively short period of time (5~6 years) compared to the reconstruction work that takes 8~9 years. In addition, from the perspective that the period of temporary residence is usually 24 months, the necessity of shortening is greater. Also, since the remodeling construction period is approximately 28~35 months on average, the strategies and efforts are needed to make up for the shortening the remodeling construction period. For these reasons, this paper is to develop an estimating model for normal project duration of apartment remodeling project. This model is reflected in the remodeling properties thorugh difference analysis of the new apartment construction project. Demolition works, reinforcement works, extension works are different, so this paper newly defines these construction work's duration in normal project duraion of remodeling. Case study and experts interviews are used to validate normal project duration. This model can be used to calculate rough construction period each alternatives, and will help a strategic decision making among the stakeholders.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.71-80
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• 2011

Flying net should be installed on every 3 or 4 construction floor from 8m above ground according to the rule. In the apartment housing construction, flying net installation work has been recognized the most dangerous work among the whole works because a small mistake of labors might make their death accident. Sub-contractors specialized in flying net have been developing various flying net types. However, most works of installing flying net as working with the developed system are performed outside the apartment housing, so that the risk of fall in works of installing supports and unfolding net is still high. Furthermore, as using the previously developed flying net labors might bump into the frame or the wire rope for supporting so that it makes secondary accidents. The objective of this research is to produce the proto-type of anti-collision flying net system based on the result of problem analysis on the installation and detachment process and suggest the improved anti-collision flying net system, which is able to improve safety and field applicability by conducting field experiment and analyzing performance.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-90
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop indoor air quality management strategies regarding indoor air pollutants while considering various factors affecting indoor pollutants concentration. The Integrated Indoor Air Quality model(IIAQ) developed by Seoul National University is used for this study. The IIAQ model is a tool that can provide an integrated view to indoor environmental pollution by simulating suggested scenarios. The results of the modeling are used to assess health risk. The concentrations that are used for the risk characterization are weighted concentrations based on the period of time in each place and existing Indoor Air Quality(IAQ) standards. The estimated concentration of toluene and formaldehyde for 10 years through the IIAQ model was 207.3 $ug/m^3$ and 36.4 $ug/m^3$ in indoors, and 55.9 $ug/m^3$ and 8.62 $ug/m^3$ in outdoors. These concentrations are lower than the existing IAQ standards. The estimated carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde is up to 1.05E-03 for the adult male group and exceeds 1E-06 for all receptor groups. This value means that cancer could affect one person out of 1000. The estimated non-carcinogenic risk of toluene was lower than 1, which means that there was no serious non- carcinogenic risk. The result of modeling shows that using low emitting indoor sources is the most effective strategy for both formaldehyde and toluene. This risk assessment suggests that the total exposure levels of existing IAQ standards may cause serious carcinogenic risk. In order to avoid uncontrolled risk, it is suggested that the current IAQ standards should be adjusted by taking into account the total amount of exposure from all exposure pathways from indoor and outdoor sources.