• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2002

Objectives:Abnormalities in the frontal lobe have been consistently suggested in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this review is to discuss the relationship between the frontal lobe and depression. Methods:Recent researches on the frontal lobe in depression were reviewed and abnormalities in this region were considered within the context of modern functional neuroanatomy. Results:This paper reviewed evidence strongly implicating the frontal lobe as a key brain structure in depression. Conclusion:Taken together, these abnormalities in the function of the frontal lobe implicate interconnected neural circuits in depression and offer suggestions for the themes of future research and treatment. Further research is needed to investigate the association between emotion and the brain in the paradigm of "affective neuroscience".

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2014

Purpose: We aim to determine sciatic nerve bifurcation location and depth at the level of the popliteal fossa in Korean female. Materials and Methods: Thirty three subjects were enrolled in Korean female. M-turbo ultrasound system (SonoSite, bothell, WA, USA)with 38 mm high frequency linear array transducer, 13-6 MHz probe was used for ultrasound measurements. With subject lying prone, the location of the sciatic nerve in relation to the popliteal crease and skin to nerve distance were assessed via ultrasound. Analyses were performed with SAS version 9.3 using multiple linear regression. Results: Thirty three subjects were enrolled. Distance from the popliteal crease to the sciatic nerve was 4.5-7.5 (mean 5.7 cm), and the depth of the sciatic nerve from the skin was 1.8-3.2 (mean 2.4 cm). Multiple linear regression for the usefulness of the model has a p value of 0.036, shows between weight and depth. Conclusion: We show that variability exists for sciatic nerve bifurcation location in Korean female, The success rate is creased if consider the relations between weight and depth when performs sciatic nerve block in Korean female. In our study, a sciatic nerve block is recommend that performed 7.5 cm proximal to the crease in the popliteal fossa.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2005

Tic disorder including Tourette's disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that appears in childhood and characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics. Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is suggested to be a phenomenologically and etiologically distinct subtype of OCD, bearing a close genetic relationship to tic-disorders. Tourette's disorder and OCD are comorbid in $40-75\%$ of patients initially diagnosed with either disorder. Basal ganglia and cortico-striato-thalamic circuits are implicated in the pathophysiology of both disorders and these disorders have similar clinical features. Over the past decades, the progress in research on Tourette's disorder and OCD has been extraordinary. This review describes some of important insights from these work, involving these areas : 1) clinical implication 2) genetics and epidemiology 3) brain imaging study 4) neuroche-mistry 5) pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

인지심리학 및 인지언어학 분야에서 시도한 어휘 표상, 특히 움직임과 관련된 동사의 인지도식에 관한 연구들을 비교해보고자 한다. 인간의 언어학적인 지식을 도식적으로 표상 하고자 하는 노력은 언어의 통사적인 외형에만 치중하는 연구에서는 언어의 의미구조를 파악하기 힘들다고 판단하고 의미적인 범주화를 중요시하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 시각적 이미지 도식을 중점적으로 살펴보기로 한다. 이미지 도식은 공간적 위치 관계, 이동, 형상 등에 관한 지각과 결부되어 있다. 이미지로 나타낸 표상은 근본적으로 세상의 인식과 세상에 대한 행동방법을 사용하게 하는 유추적이고 은유적인 원칙에 기초하고 있다. 이러한 점에 있어서, 언술을 발화한 화자는 어느 정도 주관적인 행동의 능력과 그가 인식한 개념화에서부터 문자화시킨 표상을 구성한다. 인지 원칙에 입각한 의미 표상에 중점을 둔 도식으로는, Langacker, Lakoff, Talmy의 도식이 있다. 프랑스에서 톰 R. Thom과 같은 수학자들은 질적인 현상에 관심을 가져 형역학(morphodynamique)이론을 확립하였는데, 이 이론은 요즘의 인지 연구에 수학적 기초를 제공하였다. R. Thom, J. Petitot-Cocorda의 도식 및 구조 의미론의 창시자라고 불리는 B.Pottier의 도식이 여기에 속한다 J.-P. Descles가 제시한 인지연산문법(Grammaire Applicative et Cognitive)은 다른 인지문법과는 달리 정보 자동처리과정에서 사용할 수 있는 연산자와 피연산자의 관계에 기초한 수학적 연산작용을 발전시켰다. 동사의 의미는 의미-인지 도식으로 설명되는데, 이것은 서로 다른 연산자와 피연산자로 구성된 형식화된 표현이다. 인간의 인지 기능은 언어로 표현되며, 언어는 인간의 의사소통, 사고 행위 및 인지학습의 핵심적 기능을 담당한다. 인간의 언어정보처리 메카니즘은 매우 복잡한 과정이기 때문에 언어정보처리와 관련된 언어심리학, 인지언어학, 형식언어학, 신경해부학 및 인공지능학 등의 관련된 분야의 학제적 연구가 필요하다.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.139-145
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• 2012

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate value differences among Gastrodiae Rhizoma samples(GM, GC, G1, G2 and G3) in various characteristics as well as to provide basic guideline for various processes such as steaming and drying of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. Methods : Gastrodiae Rhizoma were steamed and dried at different temperature and times. They were divided into samples (GM; cultivated, steamed and dried in Muju, GC; cultivated and dried in China, G1; steamed and dried at $55^{\circ}C$ for 60 hours, G2; steamed and dried at $55^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours, G3; steamed and dried at $70^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours) for experiment. They were extracted using water, freeze dried and powdered to analyze gastrodin content, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation. Results : Proximate composition and the amount of free sugars of Gastrodiae Rhizoma had a little bit differences. Phenolic and flavonoid content of samples were increased by increasing drying temperature and times. Gastrodin content had different values by drying method and G3 was the highest in comparison with others. Increasing drying times led to a increasing in radical and nitrate scavenging activity in samples. Regarding to sensory evaluation, G3 was selected as the best sample according to its highest hedonic score mean (6.11/7) among all samples for appearance, color, flavor, overall acceptability. Conclusions : The results indicated that G3 sample was effective in views of antioxidant activity, gastrodin content and sensory characteristics. Moreover, Gastrodiae Rhizoma cultivated in Korea were investigated with higher antioxidant activity, gastrodin content and sensory characteristics than those cultivated in China.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.574-578
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• 2019

For the treatment of a bony Bankart lesion accompanied by an acute traumatic shoulder dislocation, anatomical reduction and stable fixation of the bone fragment and glenohumeral ligament are essential to avoid chronic instability or degenerative changes. If the Bankart lesion has large bony pieces or comminuted fragments, it can be difficult to perform precise and secure fixation of the big intraarticular fragment to the fracture site because of the limited visualization of the arthroscopic procedure. In addition, in the case of the open procedure, it requires an extensive surgical dissection to access the fractured fragment, which may cause surgical approach-related morbidity, such as neurovascular complications, delayed subscapularis healing, and increased risk of stiffness. This paper describes an alternative open suture anchor technique for a large bony Bankart lesion, which was secured anatomically with squared knots after a shuttle relay through bony tunnels and adjacent soft tissue and labrum. This technique can achieve anatomical and firm fixation under direct vision, and reduce the number of surgery related morbidities.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.511-519
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• 2020

Purpose: Schwannoma is a benign tumor that occurs mainly in the peripheral nerve. If the tumor is large or is in areas other than the nerves, it is likely to be mistaken for malignant soft tissue tumors. The authors reviewed 50 cases of giant schwannomas and assessed the distribution of the primary locations, clinical symptoms, radiological and pathological diagnosis, and diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: Of the 214 pathologically confirmed schwannomas, 50 cases with a maximum diameter of 5 cm or more were extracted. The entire cohort was classified into three subgroups (major peripheral nerve, intramuscular, bone) according to the primary location, and the anatomical locations were specified. Results: When the entire cohort was classified according to the primary location, 14 tumors occurred in the major peripheral nerve, 31 cases in the muscle, and 5 cases in the bone. The mean size of the tumor in the entire cohort was 7.0 cm, and the intramuscular subgroup had the largest size with 8.0 cm. The radiological diagnosis revealed 33 out of 50 cases to be benign schwannoma (66.0%), 15 cases as low-grade malignancy (30.0%), and the remaining two cases (4.0%) as a suspicious tuberculosis abscess and tenosynovial giant cell tumor, respectively. On the clinical symptoms, Tinel sign was the most common in the peripheral nerve group with 78.6% (11/14), while 93.5% of the intramuscular group had palpation of the mass with a mean duration of 66.6 months. In the bone group, one out of five cases was reported as a low-grade malignancy. Two cases of postoperative complications were encountered; one was bleeding after tumor excision, which required hemostasis, and the other was peroneal nerve palsy after surgery. Conclusion: When assessing the large-sized soft tissue tumors in the muscles, the possibility of a benign schwannoma should be considered if 1) there is a long period of mass palpation and 2) non-specific findings in MRI. Preoperative pathology confirmation with a biopsy can help reduce the risk of overtreatment.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.137-146
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• 2012

This study investigated whether ferulic acid modulates the heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and HO-2 expression in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced brain injury. Rats (Sprague-Dawley, male) were treated with vehicle or ferulic acid (100 mg/kg, i.v.) before MCAO, and cerebral cortex tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. This study clearly confirmed the protective effects of ferulic acid during MCAO-induced damage using hematoxylin and eosin staining. MCAO induces nuclear chromatin condensations and necrotic changes with scalloped shrunken form. However, ferulic acid prevented MCAO-induced histopathological changes. HO-1 and HO-2 expression levels were measured using reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot analyses. HO-1 levels were decreased in vehicle-treated animals after MCAO, whereas this decrease in HO-1 levels was attenuated by ferulic acid treatment. However, the level of HO-2 was consistently maintained in the cerebral cortex of vehicle- and ferulic acid-treated animals after MCAO. These results demonstrated that ferulic acid regulates HO-1 expression in ischemic brain injury, while ferulic acid do not modulate HO-2 expression in MACO. In conclusion, these findings suggest that ferulic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect by preventing the MCAO-induced decrease of HO-1 expression.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 1993

This study reports a prospective analysis of anatomical variations of recurrent laryngeal nerves during 300 thyroidectomies. During thyroidectomies for variable thyroid diseases. the course of recurrent laryngeal nerve was completely isolated from root of neck to the inferior comus of thyroid cartilage. In left side, nerve(53.7%) predominantly ran posterior to the inferior thyroidal artery(p<0.05) but in right side there was no predominant pattern. There were three nonrecurrent laryngeal nerves in the right side. About half of the cases in both sides(51.2% in right, 50.5% in left side) had one or more branches before terminating at cricothyroidal muscles. The average length of branches from inferior comus of thyroid cartilage to the origination of individual branch were l2.0mm in right side and 13.3mm in left side. In right side, majority(50.7%) of nerves ran though paratracheal space but difference did not reach the statistical but in left side, majority(88.3%) ran through tracheoesophageal groove and it was the dominant pattern(p<0.01), the overall status of passages of the nerve were relatively straight in left side(straight 87.8%, oblique 52.1%).

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 1995

In order to construct a feature map-based phoneme classification system for speech recognition, two procedures are usually required. One is clustering and the other is labeling. In this paper, we present a phoneme classification system based on the Kohonen's Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) for clusterer and labeler. It is known that the SOFM performs self-organizing process by which optimal local topographical mapping of the signal space and yields a reasonably high accuracy in recognition tasks. Consequently, SOFM can effectively be applied to the recognition of phonemes. Besides to improve the performance of the phoneme classification system, we propose the learning algorithm combined with the classical K-mans clustering algorithm in fine-tuning stage. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed phoneme classification algorithm, we first use totaly 43 phonemes which construct six intra-class feature maps for six different phoneme classes. From the speaker-dependent phoneme classification tests using these six feature maps, we obtain recognition rate of $87.2\%$ and confirm that the proposed algorithm is an efficient method for improvement of recognition performance and convergence speed.