• Title/Summary/Keyword: 신경해부학

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Mechanism and Neuroanatomy of Auditory Hallucination (환청의 기전과 신경해부학)

  • Lee, Seung-Hwan;Suh, Kwang-Yoon
    • Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.98-106
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    • 2001
  • Auditory hallucinations are cardinal feature of psychosis. But the mechanism of hallucinated speech is unknown. The hypothesis that these hallucinations arise from pathologically altered brain monitoring system underlying speech perception is influential. With the help of rapidly developing neuroimaging study technologies, many researchers have been finding new organic deficits in the hallucinated schizophrenic patient's brain. In this article, we reviewed the general appearance of hallucination, a computer simulation model of hallucination and several neuroimaging study findings on hallucinating schizophrenic patients. In conclusion, we presented the presumptive mechanism of hallucination based on the anatomical dysfunction of schizophrenia.

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Anatomical Achievement and Thought of Leonardo da Vinci (레오나르도 다빈치의 해부학 업적과 사고)

  • Chai, Ok Hee;Song, Chang Ho
    • Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.35-46
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    • 2016
  • Leonardo da Vinci is remembered as the greatest genius of the Renaissance. He left outstanding achievements as an artist, scientist and inventor, and contributes up to today's science. He ranks the best in a variety of fields, such as botany, mathematics, geology, astronomy, geometry and optics. It has well known that Leonardo is an artist, scientist, inventor and philosopher. And he was a great anatomist that dissected dead bodies and animals directly and left many anatomical drawings. He took an interest in anatomy from the point of view of the artist, which is why the human body structure and function to know the sakes were "ignorant of the anatomy should not be upset." Over time, he became interested in the structure and function of the body, even get the human body in a difficult environment; he dissected many the human bodies directly. His scientific inquiry and infatuation made him as an advanced pioneer for more than 100 years, and got enough level to surpass the artistry. Leonardo left about 1,800 anatomical figures of the muscular, skeletal, vascular, nervous and urogenital system, and they are also very scientific and high artistic achievements. The aim of this article is to take a look at Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical achievements and thoughts. In addition, the goal is to knowledge today's anatomists about Leonardo da Vinci's astonishing achievements as a great pioneer in anatomy.

Ultrasound-Guided Shoulder Injections (초음파 유도하 견관절 주사요법)

  • Moon, Young Lae;Jun, Yong Cheol;Sun, Jae Myeong
    • Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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    • v.54 no.5
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    • pp.393-401
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    • 2019
  • The shoulder pain is one of the most common problems to orthopaedic surgeons in clinic. Among therapeutic modality used to manage this pain, joint and periarticular injection, as well as suprascapular nerve block, show good clinical outcome. Ultrasound guidance is a safe technique, increasing the safety and accuracy of the procedure and reducing complications. An accurate understanding of the surface anatomy is important in performing the ultrasound-guided shoulder injections. This article aims to describe the surface anatomy and sono anatomy of both the shoulder and the surrounding structures and also summarize different infiltration techniques and peripheral nerve blocks.

슈밤머담의 개구라 해부학과 뢰벤훅의 정충관찰의 문제

  • Bae, Seon-Bok
    • 한국과학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2015.12a
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    • pp.313-326
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    • 2015
  • 데카르트는 사후에 출간된 1662년 "인간론"에서 자동기기의 유압체계모델을 이용하여 인간신체의 신경기능과 근육운동에 대하여 기계론적 설명을 제시하였다. 이것은 바로크 과학기술의 자동기기의 유압체계를 모델로 근육운동이 동물영혼에 의한 신경 전달로 진행된 것을 보여준 실험이었다. 근육운동은 동물영혼에 의한 신경 전달로 진행될 때 이를 기계론적으로 잘 설명될 수 있다고 본 데카르트의 동물영혼에 관한 견해는 출간 이후 3년 만에 네덜란드 자연학자, 해부학자, 현미경학자, 철학자 슈밤머담(Jan Swammerdam 1637-80)이 도전하였다. 그는 1664년 12월 8일 보르흐 앞에서 마취 없이 살아있는 개구리의 심장을 해부하고 두뇌 제거하는 전극실험으로 개구리의 근육운동이 데카르트가 가정하는 동물영혼과는 무관하다는 것을 보여주므로 반박하였다. 슈밤머담은 이 실험 이전에도 이미 라이덴 대학에서 여러 가지 실험으로 명성을 쌓았고 이 실험으로 해부학과 생리학의 출발을 알렸다. 뢰벤훅은 1673년 270배 확대 렌즈를 측정 대에 설치하여 눈에 가까이 갖다 대 고착시킨 첫째 동물이라는 뜻의 박테리아(${\pi}{\rho}\acute{\omega}{\tau}o$ ${\zeta}\acute{\omega}o{\nu}$)를 관찰하였다. 대학에서 전공하지 않았다는 비전문가로서 뢰벤훅이 이 연구에 뛰어들게 되는 것은 바로크 과학기술문명에 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 그라프는 그해 4월 왕립학회에 그가 빗물이나 연못물에서 채취하여 관찰한 미생물을 1677년에 아니말쿨레스(animalcules)라 불렀다는 것을 알렸고 이 관찰은 나중에 왕립학회 검증으로 확증되었다. 뢰벤훅이 명성을 얻게 된 것은 그라프가 그를 학문적으로 이끌어주었기 때문이다. 뢰벤훅에서 광학수업을 받은 하르췌커는 1694년 현미경으로 인간정액을 관찰하는 동안에 하르췌커는 정액 내에 수많은 아니말쿨레스로서 호문쿨리(homunculi)가 살고 있는 것을 보고 그 존재를 요청하였다. 하르췌커는 정규 학문과정에서 성장한 전문가로 뢰벤훅에서 렌즈닦는 기술을 습득하므로 정액주의 운동의 첨단에서 주목을 받게 되었지만 대중적 인기에 영합하였다. 이 발표는 17세기 후반 슈밤머담과 뢰벤훅이 실험철학에 기초한 곤충과 동물 및 미생물 세계의 연구 성과를 과학과 윤리 혹은 신학과의 상보적 관점에서 개관하고, 이들 연구방법을 이신론과 수사학의 입장에서 해명하고자 한다. 17세기 후반에 곤충학의 대가인 슈밤머담과 하르췌커에서 동물생성의 문제에 이신론의 물음은 물질과 정신과의 관계를 해명하려는 과학과 신학과 철학의 경계의 물음이다. 이 경계에서 이신론의 수사학적 접근은 개별분과에서 해결하지 못한 중요한 아포리아를 풀어가는 인문학적 역할에 기여를 할 수 있다.

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Limitations of neurobiological approach convergent to neuropsychiatry: DCD and two visual systems theory (신경정신학에 융복합되는 신경생물학적 접근법의 한계점: 발달성 협응장애와 두 시각 이론에 관한 종설)

  • Lee, Young-Lim
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.13 no.6
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    • pp.225-234
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    • 2015
  • Neurobiological approach helps to resolve the mind-body dualism and develop new assessment and treatment approaches in psychiatry. However, it could be a problem to place too much emphasis on certain aspects of neurobiology, specifically structural neuroanatomy, because of the complexity or comorbidity of neuropsychiatric disorders. Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), for instance, is generally related to problems in motor skills and this movement disability is often related to perception. One account, two visual systems theory, relied on functional distinction in brain; ventral stream is responsible for visual recognition, and dorsal stream is responsible for the guidance of actions. However, Studies are now showing that shape perception is relevant to visually guided action, such as reaching-to-grasp an object. In this article, I reviewed fundamental findings of two-visual system theory and suggested problems of visually guided action to consider what shape perception implies for the two visual systems. Questions raised highlight possible limitations of adopting a structural neuroanatomical approach to account for perception and action effects, and by extent related psychiatric conditions such as DCD. In conclusion, neurobiological approach converging to neuropsychiatry, while useful, would be limited if it focuses too much on anatomical distinction.

Review of the Neuroscientific Evidences for the People With Schizophrenia (조현병 환자의 신경과학적 근거에 대한 고찰)

  • Shin, Eun-Sik
    • Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.5-12
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this review is to address the flow of current neuroscientific researches and to provide for the clinicians with therapeutic evidences for schizophrenia which can help them clinical decision making. Since the very beginning, a lot of scientific studies about schizophrenia have been undertaken. In this review, I describes the evidences focused on development of schizophrenia including neurobiological dysfunction, neurodevelopmental model, Kalirin, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor(BDNF) and neuroanatomic abnormalities based on neuroimaging studies. In conclusion, schizophrenia influencing on broad impairment of human function such as activities of daily life, occupations, and relationships has been studied underlying causes and treatments, but still remained uncertainty. However, there are plenty of useful evidences available for the clinicians to make a good therapeutic choice.

Normal Anatomy of Cranial Nerves III-XII on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (뇌신경 III-XII의 정상 자기공명영상 소견)

  • Hyung-Jin Kim;Minjung Seong;Yikyung Kim
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.81 no.3
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    • pp.501-529
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    • 2020
  • Because of the inherent complex anatomy and functional arrangement of the cranial nerves (CNs), neuroimaging of cranial neuropathy is challenging. With recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, the cause of cranial neuropathy can now be detected in many cases. As an active multidisciplinary team member of cranial neuropathy, it is essential for the neuroradiologist to be familiar with the detailed anatomy of the CNs on MRI. This review contains the basic MRI anatomy of CNs III-XII according to a segmental classification from the brain stem to the extracranial region. The optimal imaging options to best evaluate the specific segment of the CNs will also be discussed briefly.

Long-Term Follow-Up after the Sural Nerve Graft on the Injured Temporal Branch of the Facial Nerve: A Case Report (안면신경의 측두지 손상에서 비복 신경을 이용한 지연 신경 이식술 후 장기 추적 예후: 증례보고)

  • Cheon, Jeong-Hyun;Chung, Jae-Ho;Yoon, Eul-Sik;Lee, Byung-Il;Park, Seung-Ha
    • Archives of Hand and Microsurgery
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.306-312
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    • 2018
  • The temporal branch of the facial nerve is particularly vulnerable to traumatic injuries due to its anatomic location, which often causes severe aesthetic and functional loss in the patient. Moreover, a chronic injury with nerve defect is more difficult to treat compared to acute injury, because it usually needs an additional procedure such as a nerve graft surgical procedure. This case shows a male patient who had a divided temporal branch of the facial nerve one month after an injury. We successfully grafted the split sural nerve and showed a good aesthetic, functional recovery for the patient.

Microsurgical Anatomy in Transoral Odontoidectomy (경구강 치상돌기제거술의 수술해부학)

  • Park, Kwan;Lee, Sang Koo;Cho, Tae Goo;Nam, Do-Hyun;Lee, Jung-Il;Kim, Jong-Soo;Hong, Seung-Chyul;Shin, Hyung-Jin;Eoh, Whan;Kim, Jong-Hyun
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.309-316
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    • 2000
  • Objective :The transoral approach allows direct view of the ventral craniovertebral junction and provides useful management of the various lesions of this area. We present a step by step guide to the performance of the transoral excision of the odontoid process in the cadaveric model. Methods : Ten cadaver heads were used in fixed or unfixed state. We describe the relevant surgical anatomy in the cadaveric dissection and surgical technique of transoral transpharyngeal odontoidectomy. Results : The surgical procedure of transoral odontoidectomy was categorized by six steps;soft palate, posterior pharyngeal wall, muscular structures, osseous structures, odontoid process and ligaments, cruciate ligament and dura. Conclusion : With anatomical knowledge of these regions neurosurgeons can deal with wide variety of lesions in the ventral craniovertebral junction.

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Cerebral cortical or Cerebellar Nuclear Lesion-induced Synaptic Reorganization in the Basilar Pons of the Rat (대뇌피질 또는 소뇌핵 병변에 따른 쥐 교핵내 연접구조의 변화)

  • 이현숙
    • The Korean Journal of Zoology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.382-388
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    • 1991
  • 쥐의 교핵내에서 대뇌피질(또는 소뇌핵) 면면시 소뇌교핵계(또는 대뇌교핵계)의 연접구조의 변화에 대한 전자현미경적 관찰결과, 대뇌교핵계의 수입로 차단의 경우 소뇌교핵계의 신경섬유는 교핵세포의 원위 가지돌기쪽으로 발아하며, 소뇌핵 병변시 서뇌교핵계의 신경섬유는 근위가지돌기와 연접을 형성하거나 또는 여러개의 가지돌기 부속물들과 사구체형 연접복합체를 형성함이 밝혀졌다. 이상의 연구는 광학현미경적 관찰에서 언급된 대뇌피질(또는 소뇌핵) 병변에 따른 교핵내 신경종말의 밀도증가에 대한 보고를 뒷받침해주며, 소뇌핵 병변시 운동결핍증의 시간경과에 따른 회복에 대한 신경해부학적 근거를 제시한다.

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