• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1994

This study was carried out to determine effects of electrical stimulation on the soleus, target muscle of the sciatic newt, of white rat normal muscles. The biometric, histochemical, ultrastructural observations were made. The following results were obtained. A daily electrical stimulation of the skeletal muscle of the normally-functioning rat caused an increase of girth and weight of the muscle fibers for 2 weeks. No noticeable change was observed afterwards. More specifically, the density of volume of the red muscle fiber increased. whereas the density of the white muscle fiber decreased. The electrical stimulation group(experimental group) showed hypertrophy of the muscle fibers and narrowing of the space between perimysium and endomysium. Normally, glycogen granules are accumulated regardless of classification of muscle fibers. In addition, the NADH-TR reaction results were in agreement with the biometric findings, in that the red muscle fibers significantly increased. The ultrastructural observations revealed that mitochondria was formed in the red muscle fiber parallel to the muscle fibers of normal muscle, while mitochondria was observed in the sarcomere region of the white muscle fiber. However, activation of mitochondria took place in the sarcolemma region of the muscle fiber, and generation of mitochondria was observed in the sarcomere region of the white muscle fiber.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2012

Food is crucial for the nutrition and survival of humans. Taste system is one of the fundamental senses. Taste cells detect and respond to five basic taste modalities (sweet, bitter, salty, sour, and umami). However, the cortical processing of taste sensation is much less understood. Recently, there were many efforts to observe the brain activation in response to taste stimulation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and optical imaging. These different techniques do not provide directly comparable data each other, but the complementary investigations with those techniques allowed the description and understanding of the sequence of events with the dynamics of the spatiotemporal pattern of activation in the brain in response to taste stimulation. The purpose of this study is the understanding of the brain activities to taste stimuli in sensory and affective aspects and the reviewing of the recent research of the gustotopic map by functional brain mapping.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.405-412
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• 2002

The principle of Acupuncture effect on meridians is what physical stimulation does on general physiology so that is gets into new equilibrium from the fallen function state of human body. However, in western medicine, it is generally accepted that the action passageway of various kinds stimulation has been regarded as nerve-endocrine-immune system. Acupuncture effect has been regarded any action for all meridians as a respones by the stimulation. Western medicine doesn's accept treatment for transmission of the bio-energy. In this paper, we compared change of electric potential when an acupuncturist's bio-energy is passed on and when is not. As a result of clinics, the acupuncture effect is different as acupuncture method, when an acupuncturist's bio-energy is passed on the meridian and it isn's. It implies that acupuncture effect can complicately respond by simple acupuncture stimulus and transmission of bio-energy, on same meridian. We could confirm the relationship between an acupuncturist's energy transmission and acupuncture effect. Therefore, we could diagnosis the state of meridian using change of electric potential on the same meridian.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

With the development of next IT convergence technology and the construction of infrastructure for personalized services, the importance of services based on user's sensibility status and vital signal is being spotlighted. It is the most crucial factor for the strategy of sensibility engineering to investigate student's vital signal according to the sensibility. In this paper, we proposed the vital signal monitoring simulation system by the various visual stimulus. The proposed method obtained the student's vital signal by the various visual stimulus. And the power spectrum analysis using the fast fourier transform is evaluated the activity level between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The analyzed result is monitoring the sensibility by displaying the heath signal light. To evaluate the sensibility between the high school's students and the university's students, we conducted SD profile and paired T-tests so as to verify usefulness. This evaluation found that the difference of sensibility activity by positive and negative stimulus was statistically meaningful. Ultimately, this paper suggests empirical application to verify the adequacy and the validity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.47-54
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• 2001

This study is to analyze the impedance response in human body by acoustic stimulation on acupoints and contrast parte; for objectification of the meridian substance. It is to verify meridian pathway and channel theory or bio-energy in body. This paper proposes to make an hypothesis about the underground water theory. The meridian has not tube or pipe line type channel but bio-energy flow along the channel similar to flowing pattern of underground water in body. It was analyzed the current characteristic or impedance response after acoustic stimulation by sound wave of 5 specific tones. The response characteristics of current stimulation are measured by the average current magnitude and variation ratio or meridian. The current variation ratio or Live Meridian(gung) 33.2%, Heart Meridian(sang) 30.7% Kidney Meridian (gak) 33.1%, Spleen Meridian(chi) 33.9%, Lung Meridian (wo) 30.7% are to be compared to contrast parts (non-acupoint and meridian). In experimental results, meridian is discrimination to non-meridian, and 5 vital meridians have a reciprocal relationship with sound wave of 5 specific tones.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.161-173
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• 1994

면역효소법을 이용하여 3종의 한국산 개구리 참개구리(Rono nigromaculuto), 옴개구리(R. rugosa), 북방산개구리(R. 겨대bowskii)의 뇌에서 GnRH 뉴우런의 분포 부위와 GnRH의 종류 등을 연구하였다. 1차 항체로는 anti-rat GnRH, anti-salmon GnRH anti-chicken 11 GnRH 항체를 사용하였다. 3종의 개구리에서 mGnRH cGnRH 11와 sGnRH가 이둔 동정되었으나 3가지 항체에 대한 각 종의 면역 반응성은 종에 따라 달리 나타났다 mGnRH는 옴개구리와 참개구리에서, sGnRH는 북방산개구리에서 강한 면역 반응을 나타냈으며 cGnRH 11는 3종의 개구리에서 중간 정도의 면역 반응을 나타냈다. 각각의 GnRH의 상대적인 양에는 차이가 있으나 일부 경우를 제외하고는 뇌의 동일한 지역에 분포하였다. 참개구리에서는 GnRH가 중격 내측핵(NMS), Broca band 핵(NDB)에 집단으로 분포하였다. 북방산개구리에서는 GnRH가 중격 내측핵, Broca bnad 핵에서 등쪽에서 배쪽으로 길게 선상으로 가장 협소하게 분포하였으며, 번식기와 직전(1월-3월)에만 면역 반응을 나타냈다. 옴개구리의 뇌에서 가장 광범위한 지역, 즉 종뇌의 중격 내측핵, Broca band 핵, 아래 교차 지역(SCA)과 간뇌에 GnRH 신경세포가 분포하였으며. 제3뇌실 맥락얼기에서 mGnRH 신경세포가 처음으로 동정되었다. 3종에서 공통적으로 중격 내측핵과 Broca band 핵에서 유래한 신경섬유는 복측 시상하부를 거쳐 정중융기에 이르렀다. 이러한 결과는 GnRH가 뇌하수체에서 생식소 자극 호르몬의 분비 조절에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 뜻한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2002

This study was carried out of to determine effects of high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation on the soleus. target muscle of the sciatic nerve, of white rat two condition. The coditions included normal, and denervated muscle. The histochemical, ultrastructural observations were made. The following results were obtains. 1. The histochemical observations found the inflammatory cells between muscle bundle and muscle fiber since 1-week control group. In addition, nucleus located in the muscle fiber was frequently observed. 2. The experimental group showed a similar phenomenom to the normal muscles in terms of glycogen granules in the 1-week group, where as fiber were not distinguishable in4-weeks group which indicated that the degenerative changes had occured. 3. The NADH-TR reaction showed that the red muscle slightly increased in the 2-weeks group, and the distinguished was impossible the red fiber 4. The ultrastructures of the muscles in both groups were severely bend, and a number of vacuoles were observed due to the destruction of mitochondria..

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-75
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• 2022

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation that is able to alter neuronal activity in particular brain regions. Many studies have researched how tDCS modulates neuronal activity and reorganizes neural networks. However it is difficult to conclude the effect of brain stimulation because the studies are heterogeneous with respect to the stimulation parameter as well as individual difference. It is not fully in agreement with the effects of brain stimulation. In particular few studies have researched the reason of variability of brain stimulation in response to time so far. The study investigated individual variability of brain stimulation based on circadian rhythm and chronotype. Participants were divided into two groups which are morning type and evening type. The experiment was conducted by Zoom meeting which is video meeting programs. Participants were sent experiment tool which are Muse(EEG device), tdcs device, cell phone and cell phone holder after manuals for experimental equipment were explained. Participants were required to make a phone in frount of a camera so that experimenter can monitor online EEG data. Two participants who was difficult to use experimental devices experimented in a laboratory setting where experimenter set up devices. For all participants the accuracy of 98% was achieved by SVM using leave one out cross validation in classification in the the effects of morning stimulation and the evening stimulation. For morning type, the accuracy of 92% and 96% was achieved in classification in the morning stimulation and the evening stimulation. For evening type, it was 94% accuracy in classification for the effect of brain stimulation in the morning and the evening. Feature importance was different both in classification in the morning stimulation and the evening stimulation for morning type and evening type. Results indicated that the effect of brain stimulation can be explained with brain state and trait. Our study results noted that the tDCS protocol for target state is manipulated by individual differences as well as target state.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2003

The locus coeruleus (LC) contains about half of the total number of noradrenergic neurons in the brain and those noradrenergic neurons from the LC innervate entire brain regions. The LC is a major common target region in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Pakinson's and Huntington's diseases. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulate neuronal cell survival and differentiation of central nervous system neurons, including LC noradrenergic neurons. In this study, various small molecules and growth factors were tested as candidates to promote the production of BDNF in LC noradrenergic neuronal cells. The molecules tested include neuropeptides, cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and intracellular signaling agents. Four small molecules or growth factors, FGF8b, BMP-4, forskolin, and dibutyryl cGMP, were found to increase the release of BDNF in LC noradrenergic neurons. Especially, BMP-4 significantly enhanced BDNF production over 2.5-fold in LC noradrenergic neurons.

• International journal of thyroidology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

It is very important to identify recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and prevent RLN injury during thyroid surgery. The intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) for the prevention of RLN injury is a useful method because it can identify the location and status of RLN and predict postoperative vocal cord function easily. The IONM consists of a stimulating side that applies electrical stimulation to the nerve and a recording side that measures the surface electromyography (EMG) of the vocal cord muscle through electrode endotracheal tube. The nerve stimulator and surgical dissector are separate instruments. So, during IONM for the prevention of the RLN injury in conventional, endoscopic, or robotic thyroid surgery, repeated exchanging between surgical instruments and the nerve stimulator is inconvenient and time consuming. On the recording side, the accuracy of the electrode endotracheal tube which measures the EMG of the vocalis muscle can be affected by contact with between electrode and vocal fold and position change of patient. We would like to introduce recent several researches to overcome the current limitations of IONM.