• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 2006

Pinus densiflora is a dominant conifer species in Korea and also distributed in regions of Japan and eastern China. Success in the establishment and productivity of forest tree plantation is largely determined by selection of species and seed source. The provenance tests of Pinus densiflora in Korea are underway. However, the information of the growth performance of Japanese and Chinese provenances are insufficient. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Pinus densiflora Japanese provenances. Data were collected from a provenance trial including established by Korea Forest Research Institude at Chungju in 1970. Six Japanese provenances ($31^{\circ}90^{\prime}{\sim}40^{\circ} 27^{\prime}$ in latitude and $128^{\circ}47^{\prime}{\sim}141^{\circ}80^{\prime}$ in longitude) were included in this trial. Pyeongchang provenance at Kangwon province in Korea was used for reference provenance. At nursery stage, the height and diameter at root collar of six Japanese provenances were smaller than those of Pyeongchang provenance. Among Japanese provenances, Kasahara provenance showed higher growth performance than those of others. The provenance rankings of growth performance were fluctuated until age 11. However, the growth performance of Japanese provenances showed higher than those of reference provenance after age 17. Kirishima-yama provenance showed best growth performance. Simple correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the geographic factors affecting growth performance. The height growth showed negative corelation with latitude of seed origin. Generally, Japanese provenences of Pinus densiflora were well adapted and grown in Chungju. However, it was suggested that further studies on other sites need to generalize the results of this study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1038-1042
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• 2007

수변완충지대는 수역과 육역의 경계에 위치하면서 하도를 따라 선형으로 길게 연속적으로 이어지는 공간으로서 토양, 동식물 등 생태시스템을 이루는 자연공간이다. 수변완충지대의 기능은 일반적으로 수질정화, 생태통로 및 서식처, 강턱의 안정, 토양침식 방지, 경관 개선 등이며 하천의 일부로서 사회적 경제적으로 높은 가치를 지니고 있다. 특히 최근에는 비점오염 저감과 하천 생태서식처 조성분야에서의 적용이 활발히 검토되고 있다. 선진국에서는 1980년대 이후부터 수변완충지대의 중요성을 인식하고 환경 생태 치수 측면에서 효율적 조성 및 복원 방법에 관한 연구와 적용이 본격적으로 시작되었고 가이드라인이 제시되었다. 이 분야에서 기술적 정책적으로 가장 앞선 나라로 평가되고 있는 미국의 경우 정부에서는 농무부(USDA)를 비롯하여 환경처(EPA), 내무부(USDI), 공병단(US ARMY)의 관련 산하기관, 각 주정부의 담당부서에서 수변완충지대의 보전과 조성에 관련된 여러 가지 정책과 기준을 제시하고 있다. 이들 가이드라인에서는 수변완충지대가 필요로 하는 기능별 최소 폭, 식생 종별 구성, 식생배열 등을 제시하며 그 기준은 조성 목적이나 기능, 대상 지역별로 차이를 보인다. 기능별 최소 폭은 수질정화를 목적으로 하는 경우 $4m{\sim}61m$이상, 생태서식처 조성을 목적으로 하는 경우는 $30m{\sim}1,000m$ 이상을 권장하고 있다. 식생 종은 수변완충지대 폭을 상 중 하단부로 나누어 초본, 관목, 교목류로 식재하고 강우유출수의 유입부에서 초본을 통한 부유고형물 등을 여과하고, 목본류의 뿌리와 토양을 통해 질소, 인 등 영양물질을 저감하는 구조를 제시하고 있다. 미국의 경우는 이러한 가이드라인을 실제로 현장에 적용하고 있으며 조성효과가 정성적으로 검증되었고 정량적인 관계 도출을 위한 연구가 지속적으로 진행되고 있다. 국내의 경우 수질개선 및 생태서식처 조성, 하천환경을 개선하기 위한 관련 정책이 꾸준히 제시되고 있다. 한 예로 정부에서는 수변구역을 지정 고시하여 상수원으로 유입되는 비점오염물질을 저감하고 생태서식처를 조성함으로써 양질의 상수원과 건전한 생태계를 확보하기 위한 제도를 시행 중이다. 수변 구역의 범위는 한강수변구역의 경우 약 $500{\sim}1,000m$로 설정되어 있으나 아직까지는 관리적 성격이 강하며, 향후에는 구체적인 조성방안이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 한강 수변구역 내에 미국의 가이드라인에서 제시하는 수변완충지대의 물리적 조건과 국내 지역 토착식생을 적용하여 시험완충지대를 조성하였고, 실험조건 하에서 그 효과를 정량적으로 분석 검증한 결과와 외국사례를 분석하여 국내여건에 맞는 수변완충지대 조성 가이드라인(안)을 제시하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2003

Treatment of secondary effluent was investigated using sandy soil as a possible alternative to the tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater. Secondary effluent was applied with three different flow rates to the surface of pilot scaled lysimeters, which were filled with sandy soil. Some of the lysimeters were covered with osd, while others were kept bare in order to investigate the role of plantation on the treatment. The concentration changes in COD and nitrogen were measured along the unsaturated soil depth. The same set of experiment as with the secondary effluent was performed using tap water to investigate the dissolution of the contaminants from the soil. from the results it was found that when sandy soil was used for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater COD removal efficiency reached about 70% regardless of the application rate. The soil depth needed to obtain such efficiency increased along with the application rate, which was about 60 cm at the application rate of 50 L/day. Results also showed that nitrification occurred rapidly. The process was completed in soil depth of first $10{\sim}20\;cm$. Nitrogen removal efficiency was as low as about 20% regardless of the application rate. Some supplementary means should be considered to improve the efficiency. Sod on the soil surface had no significant influence on the contaminant treatment but was helpful to keep the infiltration rate undiminished. Finally, the organic soil was found to release significant amount of contaminants when it was in contact with soil water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

This study was conducted to obtain a reliable result assessing proper amount of solid swine manure for the growth of Deutzia crenata seedlings. Seedling growth dry weight, chlorophyll content inorganic nutrients and soil chemical properties were investigated. 1. When treated with solid swine manure, seed germination rate was highest on the control. However, germination rates tended to decrease when treated with swine manure at high concentrations. 2. The growth of seedlings treated with swine manure was always higher than that of in control. At the 1.0% of swine manure treatment, the growth rate of the seedlings was highest. 3. Seedling dry weight was highest at the 1.0% swine manure treatment. The amount of inorganic nutrients absorbed by the seedling was generally high with the 1.0% treatment, declined sharply with the 2.0% treatment. 4. For the planting soil of Deutzia crenata, the higher the concentration of swine manure, the lower the soil pH. However, nitrogen, available P, K, Na, Mg and Ca contents in the soil have increased with higher concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 1993

Effects of paper mill sludge-fertilizers were investigated on the growth performances of tree seedlings under field conditions. Two types of sludge-fertilizers applied were an organic sludge compost and a processed sludge-pellet fertilizer strengthened with several components of organic and inorganic nutrients. Three species of tree seedlings studied were ibota privet(Ligustrum obtusifolium) and yellow poplar(Liriodendron tulipifera) of 1-0 year seedlings and also eastern white pine(Pinus strobus) of 2-2 year seedlings. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of plot soil treated with sludge compost+sludge-pellet fertilizer+sludge-pellet fertilizer plot were increased to 8 times and 2.6 times as those of control plot, respectively. The growth performances of root collar diameter and seedling height were repeatedly measured up to five times through the growing season and the results were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance of randomized block design and Duncan's multiple range test. The growth performances of dry weight were measured after last fifth measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.18-24
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• 1999

This study was aimed to develope appropriate soil media for the growth of Rhododendron hybrid $J_{ASANHONG}$ on the artificial ground five types of soil media was tested such as "sandy loam-general soil (T1)", "vermiculite-artificial soil (T5)", "sandy loam 50% + vermiculite 30% + sand 20% (improved of soil 2-T2)", "sandy loam 50% + carbonized rice hust 30% + sand 20% (improved of soil 3-T3)", "sandy loam 50% + humus sawdust 30% + sand 20% (improved of soil 4-T4)". The result of the research are as follows. 1. Among the type of soil media, the sandy loam(T1) soil type gave the worst effects on growth of above ground parts(height, No. of leaf, width of leaf, No. of flowering, dry weight of upper parts) and under ground parts(dry weight of roots). 2. Vermiculite(T5) showed the highest root growth(dry weight of roots). it seemed to be caused high saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity. As a result, there is much available space for enabling the root spreads. 3. "sandy loam 50% + vermiculite 30% + sand 20%(improved of soil 2-T2)", "sandy loam 50% + carbonized rice hust 30% + sand 20%(improved of soil 3-T3)" showed good effects on growth of above ground parts and under ground parts compared with sandy 10am(T1) 4. "sandy loam 50% + humus sawdust 30% + sand 20% + (improved of soil 4-T4)" showed the highest effects on growth of above ground parts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

This study suggested the planting model of Zelkova serrata communities in the areas with the warmth index of both 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Warmth index was calculated with 449 weather points using inverse distance weighted interpolation method. The planting species were selected by correlation analysis between Z. serrata and each species of four or more frequency among the 36 relev$\acute{e}$ surveyed for this study. The result of this study is summarized as follows : Warmth index of Z. serrata communities was among $74{\sim}118^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Results of the correlation analysis between Z. serrata and each species observed that the Z. serrata belongs to the tree layer with warmth index of 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. On the other hand, the species of Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii and Platycarya strobilacea appeared only in the tree layer with warmth index of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Z. serrata and Styrax japonica appeared in the subtree layer with the warmth index of 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, while Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lindera erythrocarpa, Acer mono, Quercus serrata, etc. appeared in the subtree layer with the warmth index of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Z. serrata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lindera obtusiloba, Callicarpa japonica and Zanthoxylum schinifolium all appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of 80~100 and $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$. Lindera erythrocarpa, Orixa japonica, Staphylea bumalda, Akebia quinata and Sorbus alnifolia appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ and Styrax japonica and Stephanandra incisa appeared in the shrub layer with the warmth index of $100{\sim}120^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, The numbers of each species planted in a $100m^2$ area of the Z. serrata community were suggested as follows : five in tree layer, five in subtree layer and nine in shrub layer. The average area of canopy are suggested to be about $86m^2$ for tree layer, $34m^2$ for subtree layer and $34m^2$ for shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1999

The direct seeding of seeds or the pellets of three native tree species (Pinus densiflora, Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Rhus chinensis) was tried on the rock cut-slope revegetation bed established by construction of mechanical excavation or erosion break with artificially enriched soil medium. The seed $pellet(1{\sim}2\;cubic\;cm)$ made by coating seeds(treated with proper previous pregermination treatments) with the mixture of peatmoss, clay, chemical absorbant(3.5:1.0:0.2, v/v) showed about twice better percent germination than the control seeds. The percent germination and the survival rate of the germinated seedlings were higher in the spring direct seeding than the summer or the fall. The soil medium containing the compost showed extremely low percent $germination(0{\sim}3%)$ which presumably attributed to the compost inducing damping-off disease. The survival rates were affected mainly by shading of natural herbaceous vegetation invading from outside to the revegetation bed. The planting of two year old container seedlings of P. densiflora and P. tricuspidata on August 2, 1998 was successful indicating that it could be an alternative revegetation method in case the summer direct seeding is unfavorable.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.508-515
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• 2015

Post-fire restoration can affect breeding bird communities and species compositions over a long-term period by determining pot-fire succession, and a long-term monitoring is therefore required to understand its impacts on forest birds. This study aimed to document the effects of post-fire restoration methods on breeding bird communities in three areas: unburned and two burned (nonintervention and intervention with clear-cut logging and planting) stands 13 years after the stand-replacing Samcheok forest fire at Mt. Geombong in Samcheok, South Korea. According to 108 point counts during the breeding season from April to June 2013, we found that the number of individuals, observed bird species, and species diversity index in intervention stands with clear-cut logging and planting were lower than that in nonintervention and unburned control stands. Foraging and nesting guild analysis also showed a lower abundance of foliage searchers, timber drillers, primary cavity nesters and secondary cavity nesters in intervention stands than in the other stands, while no significant difference was detected between the nonintervention and unburned stands. These results imply that an interventional restoration method may deter the recovery of avian breeding communities after forest fires, and also suggest that non-interventional restoration methods may be an effective way to benefit the species diversity and density of breeding bird communities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2007

The vascular plants of the Moaksan provincial park area were listed as 615 taxa: 120 families, 383 genera, 542 species, 1 subspecies, 69 varieties and 3 forms. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 6 taxa were recorded: Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Lilium amabile, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis and based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 5 taxa were recorded in the studied areas: Lilium distichum (Preservation priority order; No. 159), Tricyrtis dilatata (No. 97), Iris ensata var. spontanea (No. 197), Aristolochia contorta (No.151), Viola albida (No. 202). Specific plant species by floral region were a total of 48 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in Class V, 2 taxa, as Carex arenicola, Wistaria floribunda in Class IV, 4 taxa, Spiraea salicifolia, Thea sinensis, Asperula lasiantha, etc. in Class III, 8 taxa, as Lilium distichum, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Acer triflorum, etc. in Class II, 33 taxa, as Camptosorus sibiricus, Orixa japonica, Lonicera praeflorens, etc. in Class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 16 families, 40 genera, 48 species, 2 varieties, 50 taxa and the naturalization rate was 8.1% of all 615 taxa vascular plants. As a conservation measure, there needs to be controls on the imprudent development and excessive visitors and a detailed plan like nature the rest of the year.