• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 2009

To investigate the possible use of plants for landscaping in reclaimed soil, a planting pilot system experiment was performed over the course of four years in reclaimed dredging area with four species: Alnus firma, Alnus hirsuta, Pinus thunbergii, and Pyrachantha angustifolia for 4 years. The physicochemical characteristics of the tested soil showed that it was sandy through coming from a reclaimed dredging area. The average pH of the tested soil was 7.16(slight alkali), and electric conductivity(EC) was relatively low, $294{\mu}S/cm$, even though it came from a saltwater area. To test the effect of planting density vs. phytomass by plant specie from a planting basin, the experiment was designed using four plant species with high and low planting densities over 4 years. The planting conditions of the growth of landscape tree species exhibited growth height as follows: A. hirsuta, A. firma, P. thunbergii, and P. angustifolia, whill the DBH followed the order of A. hirsuta, A. firma, and P. thunbergii. The total phytomass of each plant was higher at low density planting areas than high density planting area in terms of total phytomass production and growth distribution in the reclaimed dredging area. Total phytomass per unit area increased as follows: A. hirsuta, A. firma, P. thunbergii, and P. angustifolia. The total phytomass per each tested plant was 2 times higher in low density planting areas than high density planting areas. Total phytomass per unit area, however, was similar or slighty higher in high density planting areas compared to low density areas. Among the tested plants, A. hirsuta showed the highest phytomass, implying that A. hirsuta adapted very well to the reclaimed area and has the capability of a fast growth, nitrogen fixation tree, and utilizing insoluble nutrients through inoculated root nodule bacteria. The yield of phytomass per individual in low density Alnus species was greater than that of the high density. However, those per unit areas had no difference in the density-dependent planting. The ratio of belowground to aboveground was $0.21{\sim}0.26$. Thus, it could be concluded that the Alnus species are potential candidates for ornamental tree species in reclaimed dredging areas. This study offers baseline data for the use of ornamental tree species in reclaimed dredging areas. Additional research is required for different ornamental species in order to increase phytomass of a planting conditions based on reclaimed dredging areas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.67-78
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• 2001

지금까지의 하천 사면보호공법은 돌망태, 사석, 호안블럭(Con'c Block), 재래형 섬유대공(Ordinary Fabric Form) 등을 주로 사용하여 왔다. 그러나, 이들 공법은 자연재료인 돌이나 사석 등이 이미 고갈되어 취득이 매우 어렵고, 콘크리트 제품은 인공구조물 일색의 보호공으로서 자연환경에 어울리지 않거나 인력을 이용한 고가의 공사비가 요구되므로 이를 개량하여 본 환경친화형 섬유대공을 개발하기에 이르렀다. 본 공법은 홍수나 수해로부터 토사제방의 침식 및 세굴방지는 물론 중간에 자연환경 적인 잔디나 조경식재를 하여 환경친화적 호안공을 형성하는 공법으로서 침식방지와 환경친화 효과를 동시에 만족시키기 공법이다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the proper species of turf and the ground structure for the turf sports grounds. Analysis items are particle distribution of sand and gravel, saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil hardness, and turf growth. Results of this study are as follows. 1)The particle distribution of sand used in the multi-layer rootzone is within the upper limit of the standard level. The diameter of mid-size grain({TEX}$D_{50}${/TEX})was 0.62mm and the value of uniformity ({TEX}$D_{90}${/TEX}/{TEX}$D_{10}${/TEX}) was 3.93. The particle size distribution of sand used in the single-layer rootzone was beyond the standard level as {TEX}$D_{50}${/TEX})=0.86 and {TEX}$D_{90}${/TEX}/{TEX}$D_{10}${/TEX}=8.86. 2) Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sand was higher in the multi-layer rootzone than in the single-layer rootzone while bulk density was vice versa. 3) Surface hardness was high on Kentucky bluegrass+perennial ryegrass compared to zoysiagrass probably caused by root density. 4) Visual covering and visual rating were highly evaluated on zoysiagrass within summer while better evaluated on Kentucky bluegrass+perennial ryegrass throughout fall to spring. 5) Visual color was better evaluated on Kentucky bluegrass+perennial ryegrass than on zoysiagrass throughout the year. These studies are demanded urgently according to increase in interest in the ground and turf species of the turf sports ground because of World Cup 2002.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.12-18
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• 2001

This study was carried out to analyze physico-chemical properties of soils at the ground of landscape planting in reclaimed land from the sea on Kwangyang Bay, South Korea. Physico-chemical properties of soils at each planting grounds were tested by ANOVA and were significantly(P<0.01) different. The difference came from the soil properties of the covered soil, the disturbance applied to the soil with land use and the accumulation of organic matter after landscape planting. Soil hardness, pH, ECe, Na and K level were in a stable condition at high then low of ground height for landscape planting. Organic matter accumulation was greater at lower planting grounds then top and slope ground of big mounding. The planting grounds of favorable growth for landscape trees were determined as following order : the slope ground and the top ground of big mounding>the ground of medium mounding>the coved ground of improve soil>the lower ground of big mounding>the filled ground of improve soil.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide base information that can be utilized in surveying the status of landscape management within apartment complexes and grasping the conditions of the soil for planting plants, as a way to improve the quality of green spaces by repairing poorly vegetated spaces within apartment complexes and remodeling them with diverse species of plants. Considering that trees and shrubs of equal sizes are simultaneously planted upon the completion of apartment complexes, they were divided based on their completion year at the interval of 5 years and differences in the growth of trees and the components of soil over time were analyzed. Out of the species of trees planted in all the 9 apartment complexes surveyed in this study, the growth of 4 species of needleleaf trees and 4 species of broadleaf trees were surveyed. Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuka' and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. out of the needleleaf trees and Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte out of the broadleaf trees showed the highest growth rate when over 5 years passed after planting and their growth rate decreased when over 10 years passed. Platycladus orientalis and Acer palmatum Thunb. in the apartment complexes that were built over 10 years ago showed the highest growth rate, which indicates that the species require a relatively long period of time for growth. The hardness of the soil at the areas where trees were planted but their soil surface was bare was analyzed. When over 5 years passed after the completion of apartment complexes, over 20 mm of the soil was found to be stamped. The physicochemical properties of soil were also surveyed and the pH level was found to have been continuously high ever since the completion. The organic content in the surveyed soil was about 1/3 of the content in fertile soil, which means that additional fertilization is required. These results indicate that the stamped soil and the health of soil can be restored, when replanting plants in bare areas, by adding plans to improve soil, such as designing drain ways around the planted areas, transporting soil for the 50 cm depth of the ground and mixing organic matters such as chaff, and simply by planting groundcover plants in the lower part of tress and shrubs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

This study aims to suggest a suitable soil thickness and soil mixture ratio of a green roof system by verifying the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum as affected by different green roof systems using rainwater. The experimental planting grounds were made with different soil thicknesses(15cm, 25cm) and soil mixing ratios (SL, $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$, $P_4P_4L_2$) and with excellent drought tolerance. Ornamental value Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum was planted. The change in plant height, green coverage ratio, chlorophyll content, fresh weight, dry weight, and dry T/R ratio of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum were investigated from April to October 2009. For 15cm soil thickness, the plant height of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum was not significantly different as affected by the soil mixing ratio. However, it was found to be higher in the amended soil mixture, $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$ than in the sandy loam soil, as it was SL overall. For 25cm soil the plant height differences were in order to SL < $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ < $P_4P_4L_2$. The green coverage ratio was observed not to be different by soil mixing ratio with soil thickness of 15cm, but, the lowest green coverage ratio in the SL. In the 25cm soil thickness, the green coverage ratio was 86-89% with a good coverage rate overall. The change in chlorophyll contents with 15cm soil thickness was found to be the highest in the SL treatment and the lowest in the $P_5P_3L_2$ treatment. For 25cm thickness, the highest value was in the $P_4P_4L_2$ and SL, and the lowest in the$P_7P_1L_2$. Fresh weight and dry weight were larger in soil with 25cm thickness. Therefore, the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. coreanum as affected by a different green roof system for using rainwater was higher in soil with 25cm thickness than 15cm, and in PPL amended soil than in sandy loam.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.189-199
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• 2011

Installation of a proper root barrier in a green roof system is very important in order to protect the concrete slab of roof and the root penetration in the waterproofing layer. To select the proper root barrier materials and methods, it is necessary to understand the environmental conditions affecting the waterproofing-root barrier system in green roof construction site. Therefore, we suggested as the environmental performance indexes four kinds of performance requirements; root penetration, chemical attack by chemical agent or fertilizer, load impact by soil depth and size of plant, and water pressure. The related four test methods were suggested for the inspection of these performance indexes. In this research, we could suggest for kinds of test methods as standard test methods to evaluate the environmental performance of waterproofing-root barrier for greening roof system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for improving the method of landscape planting in apartment complex by objective surveying and analysing the growth ratio by type and ground planted in landscape tree. The results are as follows. In the survival ratio of tree, Pinus densiflora was the highest and Abies koreana was the lowest in evergreen tree. In case of deciduous tree, the species of the highest survival ratio were Diospyros kaki, Zelkova serrata, Prunus mume, Lagerstroemia indica and Ginkgo biloba. There showed that Sorbus commixta and Chaenomeles sinensis had the lowest survial ratio. In case of tree growth by types, Pinus strobus was the highest and Pinus densiflora var. globosa was the lowest among evergreen trees. Among deciduous trees, the growth ratio of Zelkova serrata was the highest, and the trees showed the lowest growth were Lagerstroemia indica, Magnolia denudata and Cornus officinalis. Pinus strobus, Cornus kousa, Ginkgo biloba, Chionanthus retusa and Acer palmatum were good growth in natural ground, and Zelkova serrata and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu were good in artificial ground. In the future, if you study the growth characteristics and shrubs that are excluded from the study of landscape trees in various locations are expected to derive objective data.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.94-108
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide data for the restoration of 'Yongyun(龍淵)' and 'Hwahongmun(華虹門)' through an investigation of the vicinity of their original landscapes at the time of construction of Hwaseong in Suwon and through tracing the transformative process of the environments of this vicinity. The results are as follows; As identified by 'Yongyunjung(龍淵亭)' and 'Yongdugak(龍頭閣)', other names of Yongyun, 'Banghwasuryujung(訪花隨柳亭)', which was built on 'Yongduam', is a facility whose place identity is highlighted with a sense of unity with Yongyun. The south lakefront of Yongyun, bordering Banghwasuryujung, has boundaries that make the best use of the natural geographical features of Yongduam while the current circumference of Yongyun is comparatively shorter than its original state. The size of 'Joongdo(中島)', however, seems to be an example of apparent over-design complement and reorganize 'Joongdo', which had been restored larger than its original state at the time of restoration in the 1970s. The depth of 'Yongyun' was created to be lower than the actual depth, without consideration for its initial depth, as soil was accumulated through continuous flooding after it was created. It is assumed that the original drains which were installed about 10m inside the lake were created facing the stream. As regards the planting environment, a circular planting of willows was made in the outskirts of 'Yongyun', except the 'Yongduam' which is a pure forest, and a mix of 'Pinus densiflora', shrubbery and deciduous broad leaf trees was planted in 'Joongdo'. Of the plants growing in the area of this study, plant species introduced to Korea after Hwaseong was constructed are found, most of which provide interest and attraction. The old pine trees growing in a group once grew in the castle areas of the vicinity even in the 1920s, the period of Japanese occupation, but they disappeared from the area in the aftermath of subsequent urban development and the Korean War. Although restored to the site, the number and space taken up by these trees are insignificant compared to those of the original environment. On the basis of these results, the following is considered necessary for the true restoration of the vicinity of 'Yongyun' and 'Hwahongmun': First, the grounds of 'Yongyun' should be dredged deeply enough to expose the bedrock and should be recreated in the rough outline of a half moon by extension to the southwest toward 'Yongduam' and 'Hwahongmun', and the size of 'Joongdo' should be significantly reduced. Secondly, considering that most plant species, except the pine trees and wild trees in 'Yongduam', are non-native plants introduced in order to provide such attractions such as the appreciation of scenic areas, they should be replaced with native species, mainly with the pine trees which were utilized during the construction of Hwaseong. The weeping willows planted in the 'middle-island' should be relocated to the outskirts of 'Yongyun', and replaced with pine trees as the major trees and maple trees or deciduous broadleaf trees to fill in the gaps. Thirdly, exotic species such as the 'Pinus rigida' planted in a group around 'Banghwasuryujung' and 'Bugammun' and 'Pinus strobus' planted in the vicinity of Hwahongmun' should be removed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.98-106
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• 2010

This study focuses on the appropriate planting soil for Vitex rotundifolia by planting soil. Different soil depth levels were achieved at 15cm and 25cm in the green roof module system that was created with woody materials for a $500{\times}500{\times}300mm$ area. The soil mixture ratio was $S_{10}$, $L_{10}$, $S_7L_3$, $S_5L_5$, $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$. This study was carried out over five months between April and September, 2006. The amount of soil moisture tends to decrease according to the planting soil. For the experimental items $S_{10}$, $S_7L_3$ and $S_5L_5$, the amount of soil moisture tends to decrease rapidly. However, for the experimental items $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$, conditions containing perlite and peat moss, the amount of moisture tends to decrease more gradually. As a result, the use of soil-improving amending for the afforestation planting of roofs with a low level of management is need. After experimenting with the ratio of soil mixture for Vitex rotundifolia, the planting soil for experimental item $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$ appeared excellent. For experimental item $S_{10}$, the growth of Vitex rotundifolia seemed to be weaker than that of others, because of the low levels of moisture and organic matter in the soil. For experimental item $L_{10}$, there appeared to be a low level of growth, even when the levels of moisture and organic matter were high. This may have occurred because of the low level of soil pH and the excessive amount of exchangeable cation. At the depth of 25cm, the growth of Vitex rotundifolia is vigorous overall. For experimental item at 15cm, Vitex rotundifolia was able to survive for 14 days without any rainfall and Vitex rotundifolia was better in amended soil, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$, than natural soil, SL.