• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2006

Purpose : The isolated microscopic hematuria is the most common abnormality detected by school urinary screening, but there is no consensus about the range of investigations and long-term outcomes of isolated hematuria in children yet. This study aims to elucidate the prognosis of hematuria and the range of diagnostic studies by follow-up results. Methods : Students with isolated hematuria who were referred to the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center from Aug. 1990 to Feb. 2004 were analysed retrospectively. Cases that presented Through significant proteinuria(>250 mg/day), other symptoms of nephritis or renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <85 mL/min/$1.73m^2$) were excluded. Follow-up was done every six months with checking urinalysis, serum creatinine, protein and albumin. When albuminuria was detected, 24 hour urine protein was checked. Renal biopsy was done when urine protein was over 500 mg/day. Results : A total of 331 students were enrolled in this study. There were 157 males and 174 females. The mean age at presentation was $9.9{\pm}2.3$ years(7-15 years) and mean follow-up period was $2.2{\pm}1.6$ years(1-10 years). Seventy five(22.7 percent) patients showed the resolution of microscopic hematuria. The mean resolution period was $2.6{\pm}1.7$ years(1-8 years). Eight(2.4 percent) patients developed significant proteinuria and renal biopsy was done in four of them. Two cases of mild IgA nephropathy and two of minimal change were detected. None of them developed hypertension. At the end of the follow-up, renal function had remained stable in all subsets of patients. Conclusion : The prognosis of isolated microscopic hematuria was good. This study suggests that invasive studies including renal biopsy are not necessary and a regular follow-up of urinalysis is enough for children with isolated microscopic hematuria.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to compare and analyze air temperature and humidity distribution and energy consumptions according to using air circulation fans in single-span greenhouses. The greenhouses located in Cheongnam-myeon, Cheongyang-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. There were cherry tomatoes in the greenhouses and the size of greenhouses was as follows;ridge height : 3.2 m, wide : 6 m, length : 95 m. The heating system was composed of a hot-water boiler and 6 FCUs(Fan Coil Unit)-4 FCUs were on bottom with duct and 2 FCUs were installed at 2.0 m. A total of 18 air circulation fans(impeller's diameter : 230 mm) were bilaterally arranged in 2 rows in the experimental greenhouse. The sensors for measuring air temperature and humidity were located at a quarter and three quarters of a length. The height of sensors were 0.8 m, 1.8 m. To calculate energy consumption in greenhouses, water temperature at inlet and outlet in a water pump, volume of water were measured. Form February 3rd to March 23th, temperature, humidity and energy consumptions were measured during heating time(6pm~7am). In a greenhouse without fans, the average differences of temperature and humidity were $0.75^{\circ}C$, 2.31%, respectively. The operation of fans showed their differences to $0.42^{\circ}C$, 1.8%. The standard deviation of temperature and humidity between measuring points in the greenhouse with fans was lower than the greenhouse without fans. Total energy consumptions in a greenhouse without fans were 4,673 kWh. In the greenhouse with fans, the total energy consumptions were 4,009 kWh. The energy consumptions in a greenhouse with fans 14.2% were less than the greenhouse without fans. Therefore, air circulation makes temperature and humidity uniform and saves energy consumptions for heating.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1997

At the tailings dam of the disused Brukunga pyrite mine in South Australia, reaction of groundwater with the tailings causes the formation and discharge of sulphuric acid. There is a need to improve remediation efforts by decreasing groundwater flow through the tailings dam. Geophysical methods have been investigated to determine whether they can be used to characterise variations in depth to watertable and map preferred groundwater flow paths. Three methods were used: transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings, direct current (DC) soundings and profiling, and self potential (SP) profiling. The profiling methods were used to map the areal extent of a given response, while soundings was used to determine the variation in response with depth. The results of the geophysical surveys show that the voltages measured with SP profiling are small and it is hard to determine any preferred channels of groundwater flow from SP data alone. Results obtained from TEM and DC soundings, show that the DC method is useful for determining layer boundaries at shallow depths (less than about 10 m), while the TEM method can resolve deeper structures. Joint use of TEM and DC data gives a more complete and accurate geoelectric section. The TEM and DC measurements have enabled accurate determination of depth to groundwater. For soundings centred at piezometers, this depth is consistent with the measured watertable level in the corresponding piezometer. A map of the watertable level produced from all the TEM and DC soundings at the site shows that the shallowest level is at a depth of about 1 m, and occurs at the southeast of the site, while the deepest watertable level (about 17 m) occurs at the northwest part of the site. The results indicate that a possible source of groundwater occurs at the southeast area of the dam, and the aquifer thickness varies between 6 and 13 m. A map of the variation of resistivity of the aquifer has also been produced from the TEM and DC data. This map shows that the least resistive (i.e., most conductive) section of the aquifer occurs in the northeast of the site, while the most resistive part of the aquifer occurs in the southeast. These results are interpreted to indicate a source of fresh (resistive) groundwater in the southeast of the site, with a possible further source of conductive groundwater in the northeast.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.612-618
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• 2002

Background : Bronchoscopy is an important diagnostic and a therapeutic tool in chest medicine. However, most patients feel that a bronchoscopy is an unpleasant procedure, and it is important to sedate the patients appropriately, particularly where repetitive examinations are required. Midazolam is a sedative drug with amnestic qualities and a rapid 2 hour half-life. This study have attempted to determine the safety, appropriate dosage, and the effect of midazolam premedication in patients who underwent a bronchoscopy. Methods : One hundred and eighty consecutive patients undergoing bronchoscopy were enrolled in this study. The patients received a midzolam doses of 0.03 mg/kg, 0.06 mg/kg, or a placebo. An additional dose of lidocaine, the total number of coughs, and the duration of the procedures were recorded with monitoring the the blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. The level of satisfaction was assessed by the patient, bronchoscopist, and the nurse. Results : The blood pressure, pulse rates, oxygen saturation, number of coughs, lidocaine dose, and procedure time in the 3 groups were similar. There was a trend for the midazolam 0.03 mg/kg group to satisfy bronchoscopists more than the other two groups. The nurses' acceptability was lower in the midazolam 0.06 mg/kg group than the other groups. The patients' acceptablity was greater in both the midazolam 0.03 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg groups than in the control group. Conclusion : Sedation with low doses of intravenous midazolam is a safe technique for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with a low morbidity and high acceptable to patients and bronchoscopists.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 1985

The studies were carried out to obtain the basic data for maximizing the protoplast yields from the mycelia of P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju. Some factors affecting the regeneration of the protoplast of both species and the productivity of their reversion were also examined. The maximum yields of protoplasts were obtained from four days cultured mycelia of both species on cellophan membrane placed on the surface of PSA or MCM media in a petri dish. The optimal concentration of lytic enzyme Novozym 234 for protoplast releasing was 5 mg per ml of 0.5 M phosphate buffer solution with 0.6 M sucrose or 0.6 M $MgSO_4$ at pH 6.0. The greatest number of protoplasts was released 3 hours after incubation of the mycelia of P. ostreatus and after 4 hours for the P. sajor-caju in the lytic enzyme solution. Among the osmotic stabilizer solutions tested 0.6 M sucrose and 0.6 M KCl showed the best regeneration rates of the protoplasts of both species. When 0.75 % agar solution was over-layed on the regeneration media immediately after inoculation of the protoplast the regeneration rates were greatly enhanced. The ampicillin added to the agar solution prevented bacteria from infection. The reverted isolates produced the sporophores and basidial spores just like their parents without any mutations when they were cultivated in a broad mouth bottle with sawdust substrates.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.106-127
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• 1996

In Korea, modern geomorphology has developed as one of main subjects in geography, such as in Europe. Geomorphology is one of the most advanced specialties in the geography dicipline, since foundation of Korean Geographical Society in 1945. Untill 1960's study, first generation of the Korean geomorphologists trained the younger ones, together with energetic research activities. Their great works in education and research established the base of ulterier development of the geomorphology in Korea. Since 1970s, research manpower and quality has incresed rapidly, partly due to the various international activities and cooperations of Korean geomorphologists. Owing to above development, Korean geomorphologist was able to found "The Geomorphological Association of Korea" in 1990 and publish "Journal of GAK", since 1994. Furthermore, geomorphologists are playing important roles in interdisciplinary academic societies, such as "The Korean Quaternary Assocition". Still 1960s, our research had focused on the identification and interpretation of erosional surfaces in Korea Peninsular. Of course, W.M. Davis's "Geographical Cycle Theory" and L.C. King's "Pedimentation Theory" had a great influence on the Koerans' works. After 1970s, the study of erosional surface played the important role in setting up the morphoclimatic viewpoint and methodology. Research scope tend to be notably broad and various than it was untill 1960's. Disposotion of the scientific methods and techniques become more and more apparent. These trends of research has settled precise descreption and interpretation of actual landforms, based on the careful field works, scientific measuring, and analisis, rather than methodology focused on the particular master theories. Recent geomorphological researches show the scope from climatic geomorphology and Quaternary geomorphology to granite and limestone weathering, pedo-geomorphogenic environment and periglacial landforms, focused on the small-to-medium scales. And then there have been new trying to interprete erosional surfaces such as hillslopes and terraces. Also, studies of coastal and plain landforms have been successfully developed. Recent new trends show the quantitative and analytic modelling using field measurement and laboratory work, and study on the human impacts on the natural landforms.y on the human impacts on the natural landforms.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate cardiopulmonary depressant effects of enflurane (1.0 vol%) combined with propofol(0.25 mg/kg/min) compared with enflurane inhalation, and propofol infusion, respectively, in 18 healthy dogs premedicated with acepromazine and atropine. After bolus injection of propofol 5 mg/kg for induction and tracheal intubation, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: propofol 0.5 mg/kg/min infusion (Group I, n=6), enflurane 2.5 vol% (Group II, n=6) and enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min (Group III, n=6). Mean arterial Pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were depressed significantly in all groups, especially in Group II. MAP, SAP and DAP values of Group IIIwere higher than those of Group II, but lower than those of Group I. The changes of PaO$_2$, Pa$CO_2$and pHa were similar in all groups. Respiration rates were decreased in all groups 5 minutes after induction but maintained in normal range. Those of Group I were less depressant than those of Group II and Group III. Concentrations of $Na^+ and Cl^-$ were increased and those of $K^+$ were decreased in all groups, but their values were quitely similar. Heart rate was changed in small range and the value of Group I was higher than those of Group II and Group III. Body temperature was decreased significantly in all groups. Adverse effects like as muscle rigidity, nausea or vomiting and shivering were not appeared and apnea at induction was occured 6 dogs. From the these results, enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min also could be applied for anesthesia in dogs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1598-1604
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• 2009

In order to determine chemical components of onion flesh and peel, general nutrients, vitamin C, and total flavonoids were measured. Onion peel showed less moisture (14.3%) and no vitamin C compared to onion flesh. Onion peel contained more amounts of total flavonoids compared to onion flesh. In addition, the inhibitory effects of solvent extracts from onion flesh and peel on $H_2O_$-induced oxidative stress and growth of cancer cell lines (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colon cancer cells) were investigated. Acetone with methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion flesh and peel appeared to significantly reduce the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p<0.05) and a greater antioxidant effect was observed in onion peel. Among fractions, 85% aq. methanol showed a higher protective activity against oxidative stress in both flesh and peel and there was no effect in the water and hexane fractions. The growth of cancer cells exposed to medium containing extracts and fractions from onion flesh and peel was inhibited dose-dependently. The growth of AGS was inhibited more in both flesh and peel compared to HT-29, and onion peel was more effective than onion flesh. Among fractions, 85% aq. methanol showed the greatest effect on growth inhibition in both flesh and peel. $IC_{50}$ values of 85% aq. methanol fraction from onion flesh and peel on AGS were 0.04 and 0.03 mg/ml, respectively, while those on HT-29 were 0.23 and 0.04 mg/ml. From our results, 85% aq. methanol fraction had an inhibitory effect against oxidative stress and growth of cancer cells, suggesting that it may contain biological active compounds.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickness, filling methods and curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured core materials by means of microhardness test. Two dual cured core materials, MultiCore Flow (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Bis-Core (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) were used in this study. 2 mm (bulky filled), 4 mm (bulky filled), 6 mm (bulky and incrementally filled) and 8 mm (bulky and incrementally filled)-thickness specimens were prepared with light cure or self cure mode. After storage at $37{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the Knoop hardness values (KHN) of top and bottom surfaces were measured and the microhardness ratio of top and bottom surfaces was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparison test, with ${\alpha}$= 0.05. The effect of thickness on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In 2, 4 and 6 mm groups, the KHN of two materials were not affected by thickness. However, in 8 mm group of MultiCore Flow, the KHN of the bottom surface was lower than those of other groups (p < 0.05). The effect of filling methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites was different by their thickness or materials. In 6 mm thickness, there was no significant difference between bulk and incremental filling groups. In 8 mm thickness, Bis-Core showed no significant difference between groups. However, in MultiCore Flow, the microhardness ratio of bulk filling group was lower than that of incremental filling group (p < 0.05). The effect of curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In Bis-Core, the KHN of dual cured group were higher than those of self cured group at both surfaces (p < 0.05). However, in MultiCore Flow, the results were not similar at both surfaces. At the top surface, dual cured group showed higher KHN than that of self cured group (p < 0.05). However, in the bottom surface, dual cured group showed lower value than that of self cured group (p < 0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2006

Neuronal apoptotic events, consequently resulting in neuronal cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic condition. This cell death has been shown to be accompanied with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can attack cellular components such as nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipid. However, the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis induced in hypoxic/ischemic condition and its treatment methods are unsettled. Cobalt chloride $(CoCl_2)$ has been known to mimic hypoxic condition including the production of ROS. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, has diverse pharmacologial activities in cell growth and death. This study was aimed to investigate the apoptotic mechanism by $CoCL_2$ and effects of EGCG on $CoCl_2-induced$ apoptosis in PC12 cells. Administration of $CoCl_2$ decreased cell survival in dose- and time-dependent manners and induced genomic DNA fragmentation. Treatment with $100{\mu}M$ EGCG for 30 min before PC12 cells were exposed to $150{\mu}M$ $CoCl_2$, being resulted in the cell viability and DNA fragmentation being rescued. $CoCl_2$ caused morphologic changes such as cell swelling and condensed nuclei whereas EGCG attenuated morphologic changes by $CoCl_2$. EGCG suppressed the apoptotic peak and a loss of ${\Delta}{\psi}_m$ induced by $CoCl_2$. $CoCl_2$ decreased Bcl-2 expression but Bax expression was not changed in $CoCl_2$- treated cells. EGCG attenuated the Bcl-2 underexpression by $CoCl_2$. $CoCl_2$ augumented the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm and increased caspase-8, -9 and caspase-3 activity a marker of the apoptotic executing stage. EGCG ameliorated the incruement in caspase-8, -9 and -3 activity, and cytochrome c release by $CoCl_2$ NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine), a scavenger of ROS, attenuated $CoCl_2-induced$ apoptosis in consistent with those of EGCG. These results suggest that $CoCl_2$ induces apoptotic cell death through both mitochondria- and death receptor-dependent pathway and EGCG has neuroprotective effects against $CoCl_2-induced$ apoptosis in PC12 cells.