• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.365-378
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• 2020

Purpose This study was performed to determine whether the T1 relaxation time of gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging is useful for detecting and staging liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Materials and Methods One hundred and three patients with suspected focal liver lesion underwent MR imaging and Fibroscan. Fibroscan was chosen as the reference standard for classifying liver fibrosis. T1 relaxation times were acquired before (preT1), 20 minutes after (postT1) contrast administration, and reduction rate of T1 relaxation time (rrT1) on transverse 3D VIBE (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination) sequence using 3T MR imaging. The optimal cut-off values for the fibrosis staging were determined with ROC analysis. Results PreT1 and postT1 increased and rrT1 decreased constantly with increasing severity of liver fibrosis according to the METAVIR score (F0-F4). There were statistically significant differences between F2 and F3 in preT1 (F2, 836.0 ± 74.7 ms; F3, 888.6 ± 77.5 ms, p < 0.05) and between F3 and F4 in postT1 (F3, 309.0 ± 80.2 ms; F4, 406.6 ± 147.7 ms, p < 0.05) and rrT1 (F3, 65.4 ± 7.7%; F4, 57.3 ± 11.4%, p < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed that combination test (preT1 + postT1) was the best test for predicting liver fibrosis. Conclusion PreT1 and postT1 increased constantly with increasing severity of liver fibrosis. T1 mapping in gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging could be a helpful complementary sequence to determine the liver fibrosis stage.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.653-658
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• 2016

Poly(ether-block-amide)(PEBAX$_{(R)}$) resin is a thermoplastic elastomer combining linear chains of hard-rigid polyamide block interspaced soft-flexible polyether block. It was believed that the hard polyamide block provides the mechanical strength and permselectivity, whereas gas transport occurs primarily through the soft polyether block. The objective of this work was to investigate the gas permeation properties of carbon dioxide and methane for PEBAX$^{(R)}$-1657 membrane, and compare with those obtained for other grade of pure PEBAX$^{(R)}$, PEBAX$^{(R)}$-2533 and PEBAX$^{(R)}$ based hybrid membranes. The hybrid membranes based PEBAX$^{(R)}$ were obtained by a sol-gel process using GPTMS ((3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane) as the only inorganic precursor. Molecular structure and morphology of membrane were analyzed by $^{29}Si$-NMR, DSC and SEM. PEBAX$_{(R)}$-2533 membrane exhibited higher gas permeability coefficients than PEBAX$^{(R)}$-1657 membrane. This was explained by the increase of chain mobility. In contrast, ideal separation factor of $CO_2/CH_4$ for PEBAX$^{(R)}$-1657 membrane was higher than PEBAX$^{(R)}$-2533 membrane. It was explained by the decrease of diffusion selectivity caused by increase of chain mobility. For PEBAX$^{(R)}$/GPTMS hybrid membrane, gas permeability coefficients were decreased with reaction time. Gas permeability coefficient of $CH_4$ was more significantly decreased than $CO_2$. It can be explained by the reduction of chain mobility caused by the sol-gel process, and strong affinity of PEO segment with $CO_2$. Comparing with pure PEBAX$^{(R)}$-1657 membrane, ideal separation factor of $CO_2/CH_4$ for PEBAX$^{(R)}$/GPTMS hybrid membrane has decreased to 4.5%, and gas permeability coefficient of $CO_2$ has increased 3.5 times.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.8 no.1_2
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• pp.57-62
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• 1974

이 논문(論文)은 1973년(年) ICSH주최로 열린 panel에서 적혈구파괴(赤血球破壞) 장소(場所)를 결정(決定)하기 위한 생체(生體) 체표계측법(醫表計測法)의 표준화(標準化)에 관(關)한 토론(討論) 결과(結果)를 초록(抄錄)한 것이다. 체표계측(體表計測)은 체외(體外)에서 계측기(計測器)를 이용(利用)하여 각(各) 장기(臟器)에서의 방사표지물질(放射標識物質)의 분포(分布) 및 시간경과(時間經過)에 따른 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하는 것으로서 $^{51}Cr$를 사용(使用)하여 적혈구수명(赤血球壽命)을 측정(測定)할 때 간(肝), 비(脾), 심장(心臟)의 방사능(放射能)을 계측(計測)한다. 이 방법(方法)은 각(各) 장기(臟器)에서의 적혈구파괴(赤血球破壞)의 정도(程度)를 예측할 수 있다. 특(特)히 용혈성(溶血性) 빈혈환자(貧血患者)에서 비장적출(脾臟摘出) 여부를 결정(決定)하는데 도움이 된다. 이 panel에서는 주(主)로 오차(誤差)의 원인(原因)이 되는 여러가지 요인(要因)에 대(對)하여 토론(討論)하였으며 일반적으로 다음과 같은 것에 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. 즉(卽) 비장(脾臟)의 위치(位置)는 $^{99m}Tc$로 비주사(脾走査)를 실시하여 결정(決定)하는것이 좋고, $^{51}Cr$은 체중(體重) 1kg당 $1.5{\mu}Ci$를 사용하여, 계측기(計測器)는 NaI crystal(직경이 5cm이상, 두께가 3.75cm이상)의 scintillation doctor를 사용하고, 계측(計測)은 $^{51}Cr$로 표지(標識)된 적혈구(赤血球) 주입후(注入後) 15분(分) 이후(以後)에 하고 다음날 계측(計測)한 후(後) 2주(週) 동안에 적어도 6번 계측(計測)한다. Data 처리는 excess count법(法)과 비(脾)와 간(肝)의 비(比)로서하는 것이 좋다.定値)에 차이(差異)가 있어 그 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋) 및 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)에 적지않은 난점(難點)이 생겨 표준화(標準化)된 공통적(共通的)인 방법(方法)의 사용(使用)이 중요(重要)하다는 사실(事實)이 인식(認識)되게 되었다. 1966년(年) 호주(濠洲)의 Sydney에서 개최(開催)되었든 제11차(第11次) 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)때 열린 제4차(第4次) International Committee for Standardization in Haematology(ICSH)에서 Diagnostic Applications of Radioisotopes in Haematology에 관(關)한 expert panel을 갖을것을 의결(議決)하여 다음과 같은 12명(名)의 위원(委員)이 결정(決定)되었으며 위원회(委員會)의 의장(議長)에 Dr. Szur, 총무(總務)에 Dr. Glass가 각각(各各) 선임(選任)되었다. 그간(間) 1967년(年) 영경(英京) London에서 첫 회합(會合)이 있은후(後) New York, Vienna(IAEA후원(後援)) Brthesda(NIH후원(後援))에서 전문위원회(專門委員會)를 갖고 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)에 관(關)한 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. ICSH와 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)에서는 이번에 결정(決定)된 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)을 널리 소개(紹介)하며, 측정법(測定法)과 얻어진 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋)에 표준화(標準化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로 이에 연관성(聯關性)있는 전문지(專門誌)에 게재(揭載)할 것을 요청(要請) 받었기에 이에 전문(全文)을 소개(紹介)하는 바이다. 이들은 방사성(放射性) chromium 법(法)의 모든 세부적(細部的)인 면(面)을 표준화(標準化)하고 있으며 그간(間) 가장 논란(論難)의 대상(對象)이 되었던, $^{51}Cr$-표지방법(標識方法)에 있어서의 세가지 변법(變法),

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2006

The change of external/internal factors of the cell rquires specific biological functions to maintain life. Such functions encourage particular genes to jnteract/regulate each other in multiple ways. Accordingly, we applied a linear decomposition model IFSA, which derives hidden variables, called the 'expression mode' that corresponds to the functions. To interpret gene interaction/regulation, we used a cross-correlation method given an expression mode. Linear decomposition models such as principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) were shown to be useful in analyzing high dimensional DNA microarray data, compared to clustering methods. These methods assume that gene expression is controlled by a linear combination of uncorrelated/indepdendent latent variables. However these methods have some difficulty in grouping similar patterns which are slightly time-delayed or asymmetric since only exactly matched Patterns are considered. In order to overcome this, we employ the (IFSA) method of [1] to locate phase- and shut-invariant features. Membership scoring functions play an important role to classify genes since linear decomposition models basically aim at data reduction not but at grouping data. We address a new function essential to the IFSA method. In this paper we stress that IFSA is useful in grouping functionally-related genes in the presence of time-shift and expression phase variance. Ultimately, we propose a new approach to investigate the multiple interaction information of genes.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.166-177
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• 2006

The cache size tends to grow in the embedded processor as technology scales to smaller transistors and lower supply voltages. However, larger cache size demands more energy. Accordingly, the ratio of the cache energy consumption to the total processor energy is growing. Many cache energy schemes have been proposed for reducing the cache energy consumption. However, these previous schemes are concerned with one side for reducing the cache energy consumption, dynamic cache energy only, or static cache energy only. In this paper, we propose a hybrid scheme for reducing dynamic and static cache energy, simultaneously. for this hybrid scheme, we adopt two existing techniques to reduce static cache energy consumption, drowsy cache technique, and to reduce dynamic cache energy consumption, way-prediction technique. Additionally, we propose a early wake-up technique based on program counter to reduce penalty caused by applying drowsy cache technique. We focus on level 1 data cache. The hybrid scheme can reduce static and dynamic cache energy consumption simultaneously, furthermore our early wake-up scheme can reduce extra program execution cycles caused by applying the hybrid scheme.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.865-870
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• 2003

Purpose : We measured the umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane($8-iso-PGF_{2{\alpha}}$) and intended to decide whether the umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane could be used as a useful parameter for lipid peroxidation in newborn infants. Methods : The isoprostane and malondialdehyde(MDA) concentrations of the umbilical cord were measured by enzyme immunoassay and TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) assay in 33 preterm and 28 term infants, respectively. The concentrations of isoprostane and MDA were compared between preterm infants and term infants, and were analysed for association with perinatal risk factors and neonatal complications. Results : Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane were $704.7{\pm}635.6pg/mL$ and $421.9{\pm}306.5pg/mL$ in preterm and term infants, respectively. Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of MDA were $44.0{\pm}22.9{\mu}M/L$ and $26.2{\pm}10.7{\mu}M/L$ in preterm and term infants, respectively. Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane and MDA in preterm infants were significantly higher than those in term infants(P<0.05). The umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane were significantly associated with perinatal risk factors such as fetal distress, oligohydramnios, and breech delivery in preterm infants and pregnancy-induced hypertension in term infants(P<0.05). Conclusion : Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane in preterm infants were higher than those in term infants, and those are significantly associated with some perinatal risk factors.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.193-203
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between depression and physical health of the elderly and to provide fundamental data for programs which improve the health of this population. The subjects were 168 elderly people(55 years and older) who resided at home in Taegu. They were surveyed by interview using a closed- ended questionnaire. The survey was done from September 16 to October 16 in 2000. The instruments used in this study were general characteristics, Short form Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS), Barthel Index, Muscular skeletal symptoms scale, Northern Illinois University's Health Self Rating Scale. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, multiple regression with SPSS PC 10.0 version for Windows. The findings were as follows: 1. As compared 65-74 years elderly group, 75-84 years group was significantly higher score for depression(F=3.17, p=.026). As compared elderly group who has own spouse, the group who has no own spouse was significantly higher score for depression(t=- 2.44, p=.016). 2. The aged who have more limitation of Activities of Daily Living(ADL)(t=3.93, p=.000), pain of muscular skeletal symptoms(F=5.33, p=.002) and poor perceived health state(F=17.04, p=.000) showed the higher severity of depression than the aged who have not. 3. ADL correlated negatively with depression(r=- .293, p=.000), pain of muscular skeletal symptoms correlated positively(r=.251, p=.001), perceived health status correlated negatively(r=-.522, p=.000). 4. The combination of perceived health status and ADL explained 29.1% of the varience of depression. On the basis of the above findings the following recommendations are made; 1. Developing health programs is needed considering ADL, pain of muscular skeletal symptoms, perceived health status, demographic variables (age, spouse status) which have an significant effects on depression of the elderly. 2. In the following study, the use of the various scale is needed which reflects physical status of the elderly in home.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2010

Purpose: Partial volume effect (PVE) is the phenomenon to lower the accuracy of image due to low estimate, which is to occur from PET/CT 3D image acquisition. The more resolution is declined and the lesion is small, the more it causes a big error. So that it can influence the test result. Studied the optimum image reconstruction method by using variation of parameter, which can influence the PVE. Materials and Methods: It acquires the image in each size spheres which is injected $^{18}F$-FDG to hot site and background in the ratio 4:1 for 10 minutes by using NEMA 2001 IEC phantom in GE Discovey STE 16. The iterative reconstruction is used and gives variety to iteration 2-50 times, subset number 1-56. The analysis's fixed region of interest in detail part of image and compute % difference and signal to noise ratio (SNR) using $SUV_{max}$. Results: It's measured that $SUV_{max}$ of 10 mm spheres, which is changed subset number to 2, 5, 8, 20, 56 in fixed iteration to times, SNR is indicated 0.19, 0.30, 0.40, 0.48, 0.45. As well as each sphere's of total SNR is measured 2.73, 3.38, 3.64, 3.63, 3.38. Conclusion: In iteration 6th to 20th, it indicates similar value in % difference and SNR ($3.47{\pm}0.09$). Over 20th, it increases the phenomenon, which is placed low value on $SUV_{max}$ through the influence of noise. In addition, the identical iteration, it indicates that SNR is high value in 8th to 20th in variation of subset number. Therefore, to reduce partial volume effect of small lesion, it can be declined the partial volume effect in iteration 6 times, subset number 8~20 times, considering reconstruction time.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.167-180
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• 2012

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate an education program for cardiocerebrovascular high-risk patients. Methods: This program was developed according to Tyler's model for curriculum development. To evaluate the effects of this program, we measured clinical outcome change (weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure) and behavior change stages (checking blood pressure, blood sugar levels, doing physical activity, consistent maintenance of food intake, eating low amounts of salt, abstention from tobacco and alcohol) before and 4 weeks after participation in the education program. The group of subjects consisted of High-risk group patients who attended basic program(32 patients), and staged program(37 patients) during KHyDDI meetings from Oct. 2009 to May 2010. Results: The staged educational program was developed three aspects(disease, nutrition and exercise)and three stages(basic, in-depth and individual education). In the staged education program, the evaluations were made by measuring clinical outcome and stage of behavior before and after education. Significant differences were found in waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, consistent maintenance of food intake(p<0.05), and eating low salt(p<0.001)and their self efficacy. Conclusion: In the practice-oriented staged education program, significant differences were found in the clinical outcomes and stage of behavior before and after education. Possible limitations of the study include the small number of participating subjects and the short follow-up management period, but the results indicate that continued application of this program could contribute to the prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases for the elderly patients with long periods of chronic diseases.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2002

Background: Interleukin-1(IL-1) and neutrophil appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). Elastase, as well as reactive oxygen species released from activated neutrophil, are thought to play pivotal roles in the experimental models of acute lung leak. This study investigated whether ICI 200,355, a synthetic elastase inhibitor, can attenuate acute lung injury induced by IL-1 in rats. Materials and Methods: We intratracheally instilled either saline or IL-1 with and without treatment of ICI 200,355 in rats. Lung lavage neutrophils, lung lavage cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant(CINC) concentration, lung lavage protein concentration, lung myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity and lung leak index were measured at 5 hours of intratracheal treatment. Results: In rats given IL-1 intratracheally, lung lavage neutrophils, lung lavage CINC concentration, lung lavage protein concentration, lung MPO activity and lung leak index were higher. Intratracheal ICI 200,355 administration decreased lung lavage neutrophils, lung MFO activity and lung leak index, respectively, but did not decrease lung lavage CINC concentration. Conclusion: These results suggest that ICI 200,355 decreases lung inflammation and leak without decreasing lung lavage CINC concentration in rats given IL-1 intratracheally.