• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.1097-1103
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• 2007

Purpose : Acute symptomatic seizure is defined as a temporary seizure together with acute systemic, metabolic, or toxic insult in association with an acute central nervous system insult. And unprovoked seizure is defined as seizure without provocating factors. We studied the risk factors of unprovoked seizures after acute symptomatic seizure in children. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the records of one hundred and ten children with acute symptomatic seizures who were admitted to the pediatric department of Chungbuk National University Hospital between January, 1998 and December, 2003. We analyzed overall risk factors of unprovoked seizures after acute symptomatic seizures involving etiology, incidence, type of seizure, duration and neuroimaging. Results : We analyzed records of 110 children with acute symptomatic seizures aged from 1 month to 17 years. 24 children had unprovoked seizures (21.8%) after acute symptomatic seizures. Causes in order of frequency were encephalopathy, central nervous system infection, brain tumor, cerebrovascular disease. The risk of unprovoked seizure was significantly greater for those with status epilepticus (68.4%) than without status epilepticus, with partial seizure (64.7%) than generalized seizure. And the risk of unprovoked seizure was strongly associated with abnormal finding of electroencephalogram (79.1%) and neuroimaging (41.6%). Conclusion : In conclusion, the leading cause of subsequent unprovoked seizure in children with acute symptomatic seizure was encephalopathy and age specific incidence was high in the group aged 24-72 months. The risk for subsequent unprovoked seizure was greater for those with partial seizure, status epilepticus, abnormal finding of neuroimaging and electroencephalography.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.138-150
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of surface roughness of composite resin according to composite resin type, polishing methods, and use of resin sealant. Two hundred rectangular specimens, sized $8{\times}3{\times}2mm$, were made of Micro-new (Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, U.S.A) and Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.), and divided into two groups; Micronew-M group, Filtek Supreme-S group. Specimens for each composite group were subdivided into five groups by finishing and polishing instruments used; M1 & S1(polyester strip), M2 & S2 (Sof-Lex disc), M3 & S3 (Enhance disc and polishing paste), M4 & S4(Astropol) and M5 & S5 (finishing bur), Polished groups were added letter B after the application of resin surface sealant (Biscover), eg, M1B and S1B. After specimens were stored with distilled water for 24hr, average surface roughness (Ra) was taken using a surface roughness tester. Representative specimens of each group were examined by FE-SEM (S-4700: Hitachi High Technologies Co., Tokyo, Japan). The data were analysed using paired t-test, ANOVA and Duncan's tests at the 0.05 probability level. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The lowest Ra was achieved in all groups using polyester strip and the highest Ra was achieved in M5, S5 and M5B groups using finishing bur. On FE-SEM, M1 and S1 groups provided the smoothest surfaces, M5 and S5 groups were presented the roughest surfaces and voids by debonding of filler on the polished specimens. 2. There was no significant difference in Ra between Micronew and Filtek Supreme before the application of resin sealant, but Micronew was smoother than Filek Supreme after the application of resin sealant. 3. There was significant corelation between Ra of type of composite resin and polishing methods before the application of resin sealant (p=0.000), but no significant interaction between them after the application of resin sealant. On FE-SEM, most of composite resin surfaces were smooth after the application of resin sealant on the polished specimens. 4. Compared with before and after the application of resin sealant in group treated in the same composite and polishing methods, Ra of M4B and M5B was statistically lower than that of M4 and M5, and S5B was lower than that of S5, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, surface roughness by polishing instruments was different according to type of composite resin. Overall, polyester strip produced the smoothest surface, but finishing bur produced the roughest surface. Application of resin sealant provided the smooth surfaces in specimens polished with Enhance, Astropol and finishing bur, but not provided them in specimens polished with Sof-Lex disc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2019

Artiodactyla, which is an even-toed mammal, widely inhabits worldwide. In recent years, wild Artiodactyla species have attracted public attention due to the rapid increase of crop damage and road-kill caused by wild Artiodactyla such as water deer and wild boar and the decrease of some species such as long-tailed goral and musk deer. In spite of such public attention, however, there have been few studies on Artiodactyla in Korea, and no studies have focused on the trend analysis of Artiodactyla, making it difficult to understand actual problems. Many recent studies on trend used text-mining and co-occurrence analysis to increase objectivity in the classification of research subjects by extracting keywords appearing in literature and quantifying relevance between words. In this study, we analyzed texts from research articles of three countries (Korea, China, and Japan) through text-mining and co-occurrence analysis and compared the research subjects in each country. We extracted 199 words from 665 articles related to Artiodactyla of three countries through text-mining. Three word-clusters were formed as a result of co-occurrence analysis on extracted words. We determined that cluster1 was related to "habitat condition and ecology", cluster2 was related to "disease" and cluster3 was related to "conservation genetics and molecular ecology". The results of comparing the rates of occurrence of each word clusters in each country showed that they were relatively even in China and Japan whereas Korea had a prevailing rate (69%) of cluster2 related to "disease". In the regression analysis on the number of words per year in each cluster, the number of words in both China and Japan increased evenly by year in each cluster while the rate of increase of cluster2 was five times more than the other clusters in Korea. The results indicate that Korean researches on Artiodactyla tended to focus on diseases more than those in China and Japan, and few researchers considered other subjects including habitat characteristics, behavior and molecular ecology. In order to control the damage caused by Artiodactyla and to establish a reasonable policy for the protection of endangered species, it is necessary to accumulate basic ecological data by conducting researches on wild Artiodactyla more.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1393-1400
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• 2019

In the present study, we examined the effect of mitochondrial K⁺ channel opener diazoxide on the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose (HG) media. Endothelial cells derived from human umbilical veins were exposed to HG media containing 30 mM glucose, and the degree of apoptotic cell death associated with activation of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway was determined. Exposure to HG media was seen to enhance apoptotic cell death in a time-dependent manner. In these cells, activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 was observed, and while caspase-3 and -9 inhibitors suppressed the HG-induced apoptotic cell death, a caspase-8 inhibitor did not. The HG-treated cells exhibited disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of permeability transition pores, and cytosolic release of cytochrome c. Subsequently, diazoxide was seen to attenuate the HG-induced apoptotic cell death; caspase-9 activation was suppressed but caspase 8 was not. Diazoxide also suppressed the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, and the release of cytochrome c. These effects were significantly inhibited by 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels (K_ATP). The present results demonstrate that diazoxide exhibits a beneficial effect to ameliorate HG-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Opening the K_ATP could help preserve the functional integrity of mitochondria and provide an underlying mechanism to suppress HG-triggered apoptotic signaling.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

A variety of writing support systems focus on the information management or the feature analysis of the commercially successful narrative texts. In these approaches, the reader's role in the narrative creating process is overlooked. During a writing work, an author anticipates the reader's response or expectation to the narrative and he/she organizes the narrative either along or against the prediction about readers. Assessing and controlling the reader's comprehension in the development of events influences the aesthetic quality of the narrative. In this paper, we suggest a writing support system to visualize and adjust the characteristics of a narrative text related to the reader's comprehension, which is theoretically based on the narrative structure model and the event-indexing situation model. Under the development of the support system, we designed an interactive framework to create events as the basic units of story and arrange them onto both story- and discourse-time axes. Using this framework, we analyzed the organization of events about an actual film narrative. We also proposed both the continuity of the situational dimensions and the cognitive complexity as the characteristics to affect the reader's comprehension, hence we devised a method to visualize and evaluate them. This method was applied to the actual film narrative and the result was discussed in the aspect of the features of the narrative and wiring support strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

The control points are important assets of countries which express the most accurate location information that is used in surveying land and other measurements. The location information has played an important role in our daily lives with the development of ubiquitous technology. While many researchers have recently applied new technology like RFID(Radio-Frequency Identification) to the effective management of control points, the research into data retrieval and the interoperability of control point data is still primitive step. Therefore, we construct a data modeling to effectively manage control points using ontology data structure and focus on semantic retrieval method. Our retrieval system can provide the inferred and associated information among data using Prot$\acute{e}$g$\acute{e}$-OWL tool. Our system has advantages in reducing the number of repeated queries by hierarchy searching and improving the searching time by association searching. Also, we propose an effective method to construct retrieval systems being able to edit items of categories and properties without editing the related codes.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2000

The mobile computing service market is increasing rapidly due to the development of low-cost wireless network technology and the high-performance mobile computing devices. In recent years, several methods have been proposed to effectively deal with restrictions of the mobile computing environment such as limited bandwidth, frequent disconnection and short-lived batteries. Amongst those methods, much study is being done on the caching method - among the data transmitted from a mobile support station, it selects those that are likely to be accessed in the near future and stores them in the local cache of a mobile host. Existing cache replacement methods have some limitations in efficiency because they do not take into consideration the characteristics of user mobility and spatial attributes of geographical data. In this paper, we show that the value and the semantic of the data, which are stored in the cache of a mobile host, changes according to the movement of the mobile host. We argue it is because data that are geographically near are better suited to provide an answer to a users query in the mobile environment. Also, we define spatial location of geographical data has effect on, using the spatial attributes of data. Finally, we propose two new cache replacement methods that efficiently support user mobility and spatial attributes of data. One is based on the location of data and the other on the meaningful region of data. From the comparative analysis of the previous methods and that they improve the cache hit ratio. Also we show that performance varies according to data density using this, we argue different cache replacement methods are required for regions with varying density of data.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.264-273
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• 2013

Purpose: This study is to explore the relationships among spirituality, death anxiety and burnout level of nurses caring for cancer patients. Methods: Participants were 210 nurses from a cancer hospital in Seoul. Data were collected from April until June 2012 and analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe's test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean score for spirituality was 3.51 out of six. Among sub-categories, the one that scored the highest was the purpose and meaning of life, followed by unifying interconnectedness, inner resources and transcendence. The mean score for death anxiety was 3.22, and the sub-categories in the order of high score were denial of death, awareness of the shortness of time, pure death anxiety and fear of matters related to death. For the burnout, the mean was 4.10. Among sub-categories, highest mark was found with emotional exhaustion, followed by depersonalization and personal accomplishment. The spirituality level was negatively correlated with those of death anxiety and burnout. Death anxiety was positively correlated with burnout levels. Nurses with the higher spirituality level also had a higher level of education and experience of spiritual education, believed in the existence of God. In contrast, death anxiety and burnout levels were higher among those with a lower level of education, atheists, and for those who answered that religion has little influence on life. Conclusion: Thus, it is necessary to provide spiritual interventions for nurses who care for cancer patients to develop their spirituality, reduce death anxiety and prevent them from burning out easily.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.495-501
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• 2003

Impaction is defined as the cessation of the eruption of the tooth caused by a clinically or radiographically detectable physical barrier in the eruption path or by the ectopic position of tooth germ. Besides the third molars and the maxillary canines, the most common impacted tooth is the second premolar. The overall frequency of premolar impaction has been reported to be 0.5%. In some cases, orthodontic traction and surgical repositioning may be indicated. When impacted second premolar is involved with prolonged retained second primary molar, extraction of primary molar and space maintenance lead to eruption of second premolar. In these cases, all patients visited to department of pediatric dentistry of Kyungpook National University Hospital for the chief complaint of unerupted second premolar. Extraction of prolonged retained second primary molar and space management are tried for spontaneous eruption of impacted second premolar tooth. The results were as follows: 1. When impacted second premolar is involved with prolonged retained second primary molar, minimal treatment via elimination of primary molar leads to successful results. 2. Proper space management and periodic radiographic examination are required before eruption of second premolar. 3. Sufficient time must be allowed for confirm of tooth movement before orthodontic traction or surgical repositioning. 4. The result is more successful in incomplete root development.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate changes in benthic environment and macrobenthic polychaete communities in Gamak Bay where various environmental quality improvement projects have been implemented in recent years. Field surveys were carried out in February, 2005 and February, 2006 and twenty stations were selected to explore whether or not there were between-year differences in biotic and abiotic variables. Of 10 environmental variables measured, only three variables including dissolved oxygen (DO), total ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS) showed significant between-year differences. Specifically, IL and AVS were, on average, 1.5 and 3 times lower in 2006 compared to those in 2005, respectively, which was more pronounced in the northern part of the bay. A total of 95 polychaete species was sampled from the two sampling occasions. Between-year differences in the number of species, abundance, and diversity were varied from place to place. In the northern part of the bay, fewer species were found in 2006 rather than in 2005, but diversity increased in 2006 due to the reduction in dominance of a few species. On the contrary, in the central part of the bay, the number of species, abundance and diversity prominently increased in 2006. In the southern part of the bay, all the biological indices maintained similarly during the two years. Dominant species in 2005 were such opportunistic or organic pollution indicator species as Lumbrineris longifolia, Capitella capitata, Mediomastus californiensis, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, etc. and most of them were mainly distributed in the northern part of the bay and in the proximity of it. In 2006, however, Euchone alicaudata, L. longifolia, Paraprionospio pinnata, Flabelligeridae sp., etc. were dominant and distributed mainly in the central part of the bay. Multivariate analyses showed that the whole polychaete community could be divided into 5 groups reflecting the geographical positions of the sampling stations and temporal variation particularly in the northern part of the bay. According to the results of BIO-ENV procedure, TOC (${\rho}=0.52$) and AVS (${\rho}=0.49$) as a single variable best explained the polychaete community structure. The best combination was made by such variables as TOC, AVS, sorting coefficient, and water temperature (${\rho}=0.60$). In conclusion, between-year differences in biotic and abiotic variables imply that recent efforts for the environmental improvement produced positive influences on the benthic environment of Gamak Bay, particularly the northern part of the bay.