• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.163-174
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bisphosphonate and indomethacin, blockers of bone resorption with different mechanisms, on alveolar bone remodeling. Male rats were divided into control, bisphosphonate and indomethacin groups, and then each group was divided info an experimental side and a control side according to the force application. Bisphosphonate(6.3mg/kg,$2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$) and indomethacin (9mg/kg, $2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$) were injected 6 hours and 1 hour before or 24 hours after the force application. The rats were killed 72 hours after the force application and histologic examination was perfomed. The values of serum acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured in the control md experimental groups treated with bisphosphonate or indomethacin 1 hour before the force application. In the experimental side, the least number of osteoclasts was noted in the groups treated 1 hour before the force application with indomethacin or bisphosphonate, while there were no differences between the control and the groups treated with drugs 6 hours before or 24 hours after the force application. In the control side, the number of osteoclasts was not inecreased with no differences among the groups. Histologic examination revealed a severe alveolar bone resorption in the control group and the groups treated with indomethacin 6 hours before or 24 hours after the force application. Indomethacin treatment 1 hour before the force application and bisphosphonate treatment at any time significantly attenuated the bone resorption. Electron microscopically, ruffled border and clear zone of osteoclasts were observed in the control and indomethacin groups, while some osteoclasts were detached from the bone surface and exhibited dull cellular projections in the bisphosphonate groups. The bisphosphonate and indomethacin groups showed lower values of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase than the control group. The acid phosphatase value in the bisphosphonate group was lower than that in the indomethacin group, whereas there was no difference in the lactate dehydrogenase value between the groups. These results suggest that bisphosphonate reduces the activity of osteoclasts as well as the number of osteoclasts and that indomethacin reduces the number of osteoclasts without affecting the activity of osteoclasts. Bisphosphonate has a larger inhibitory effect on bone resorption md thus less limitation in the application time than indomethacin.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.357-367
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• 2010

The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin trihydrate (Amox) were studied after single oral administration and single intravenous injection to cultured eel, Anguilla japonica, respectively (average $220{\pm}10\;g$, $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). Plasma samples were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 48, 96 and 144 h post-dose. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of Amox in plasma were analyzed fitting to a two-compartment model by WinNonlin program. In oral dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight, the peak plasma concentrations of Amox, which attained at 3~12 h post-dose, were 3.4 and $3.3\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In intravenous injection with 1 mg/kg, the peak plasma concentrations of Amox, which attained at 9 h post-dose, was $7.2\;{\mu}g/ml$. The following parmeters were calculated for a single oral dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight, respectively: AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve)= 464 and $667\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)= 2.1 and 3.6 h; $C_{max}$ (maximum concentration)= 3.04 and $3.4\;{\mu}g/ml$. Following intravenous injection at 1 mg/kg, this parameters were AUC= $748\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$; $C_{max}=4.2\;{\mu}g/ml$. The apparent oral bioavailability at 40 and 80 mg/kg were 1.6 and 1.1%, respectively. Despite using the trihydrate form of amoxicillin, the oral bioavailability was low in eel.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.115-119
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• 1977

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) among several irritating spices tested was highly effective on the duration of hexobarbital hypnosis in mice. Pretreatment of mice with the methanolic extract of black pepper (60mg/kg i.p.) prolonged markedly the duration of hexobarbital sleeping time. Three consecutive daily administrations of the same dose of black pepper extract, however, shortened (37%) the duration of hexobarbital sleeping time. The ether soluble fraction of black pepper extract caused most potent effects on the duration of hexobarbital hypnosis. From the above results, it was postulated that the lipid soluble components of black pepper might considerably change the drug action and metabolism by altering drug metabolizing enzyme systems.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2010

The formidable barrier property of the stratum cornemum and the high hydrophilicity of active ingredient make it difficult to permeate through the skin and reach to its site of action. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical penetration enhancers on the skin permeation of a hydrophilic cosmetic active ingredient, such as arbutin. The enhancing effects of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on the permeation of a hydrophilic cosmetic active ingredient were evaluated by using Franz diffusion cell. The study indicated that NMP has considerable influence on the skin permeability. NMP was not only the most effective enhancer but also increased the skin permeability of arbutin approximately 1.3~1.5 fold compared with control without penetration enhancer. The lag time did not change with NMP, which suggested no effect of NMP on skin lipid fluidity. This suggest that arbutin co-permeated with NMP. The results indicate NMP is effective enhancer of a hydrophilic cosmetic active ingredient in penetration, with potential applications for drug delivery system.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.337-348
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• 2023

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of amprolium hydrochloride on detoxification process of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. A series of two experiment was performed based on the LD₅₀ value obtained for amprolium. First, thirty flounder (average weight 230.27 g; average length 27.99 cm) was randomly allocated into five groups. Treatment was carried out using intra-muscular injection of amprolium at the dose levels of 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg body weight. At 8, 24 and 48 h post injection, liver and kidney were collected for expression assay of drug metabolizing enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. We found that the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA level were induced at 32 mg/kg and CYP1A genes showed the opposite pattern, while UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase (UGT1A7) and GST were significantly reduced in the liver. Moreover, the suppression of drug metabolizing enzymes and cytokine gene in the kidney was observed after treatment. Another treatment was carried out using intramuscular injection with 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg and 60, 80, 100, 120 mg/kg body weight. At 6 days post injection, liver was collected. The IL-1β expression was markedly induced in the experimental group treated with 4 mg/kg. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA level was higher in the group with 4 mg/kg. In conclusion, our data suggests that amprolium seem to cause direct or indirect physical, or biological toxicity of flounders, although this drug is considered one of the safest synthetic anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 1991

이온 영동법은 전기력의 도움으로 이온화된 물질의 신체조직내 침투를 증가시키는 술식으로서 전신적 부작용은 줄어드는 반면, 국소부위의 약물농도를 증가시킬 수 있다는 장점 때문에 효과적인 국소요법으로 인정받고 있다. 치의학 분야에서는 과민상아질의 치료를 위해 불소 이온영동법이 빈번히 이용되어져 왔으며, 국소마취제나 항바이러스 제재의 도포시에도이용되었다.또,이온 영동법에 의한 스테로이드 투여로 피부나 구강점막의 염증성 질환의 효과적 치료를 보고한 많은 문헌이 있으나, 이온영동법에 의한 스테로이드의 구강점막에의 침투량이나 분포에 관해서는 거의 소개된 바가 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 방사선 동위원소가 부착된 dexamethasone을 이온영동법을 이용하여 가토의 협점막에 침투시킨후 자기방사선 술식에 의해 그 침투량과 분포를 대조군과 비교 평가하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 이온영동법은 단순 국소도포에 비해 dexamethasone과 0.1M 인산소다 완충용액의 혼합액(dexamethasone in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer solution)의 가토 협점막 침투량을 증가시켰으며, 양극을 사용하였을 때 더 효과적이었다. 2. Dexamethasone과 0.1M 인산소다 완충용액의 혼합액 투여 4시가, 24시간후 까지도 양극 잉온영동법이 효과적이었으며 은입자의 감소는 투여 4시간부터 24시간 후 사이에 주로 일어났다. 3. 인산소다 완충용액의 첨가는 양극 및 음극에 의한 이온영동법 모두에 효과적이었으며, 양극에 가장 효과적이었고 단순도포군에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 4. 이온영동법에 의한 스테로이드 투여는 피부뿐만 아니라구강점막 염증성 병소의 효과적 치료술식으로 여거질 수 있다. 시와 maximal clenching시 사이의 치아 접촉시간에서도 유의한 상관관계를 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.766-778
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• 2019

In this study, Poria cocos bark were extracted by supercritical process, and anti-inflammatory, whitening, and antioxidant effects were measured in comparison with ethanol extract. Also, An effective percutaneous permeation method using a selected formulation of the extract and a drug delivery peptide was proposed. Pachymic acid, known as the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory compound of the ventricle, is an indicator component and the HPLC analysis shows that the supercritical extract of the pericardium is more than twice that of the Poria cocos bark extract. In order to confirm antioxidative effect of Bombyx mori, DPPH scavenging ability and ABTS scavenging ability test showed that the ethanol extract of Poria cocos Back had lower concentration than the supercritical extract of Poria cocos back. However, RAW 264.7 Measurements of Nitric oxide (NO) production in cells showed lower NO production at the same concentration than the Poria cocos back ethanol extract. In addition, after 72 hours of processing of $20{\mu}g/mL$ of the Poria cocos back extract in B16 melanoma cells, both the intracellular and extracellular melanin extract were effective and the supercritical extract was lower melanin content. No toxicity was observed at the concentration of $800{\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells used in NO production experiments. However, in B16 melanoma cells, even at $50{\mu}g/mL$, both Poria cocos back ethanol extract and supercritical extract showed a survival rate of less than 60%. The liposome formulation and drug delivery peptides were shown to be useful for percutaneous permeation of Supercritical Extract of Poria cocos back using a liposome formulation and a drug delivery peptide. it is expected that there will be great potential for development as a variety of cosmetic materials for Poria cocos back.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 1984

To investigate diurnal variations of opiate receptor binding and its modification by experimental condition or treatment of various centrally-acting drugs, the amount of maximum $^3H-morphine$ binding in rat midbrain homogenates was measured at 4 hour intervals for 24 hours. Animals were conditioned under the controlled L : D, 12 : 12 cycle or D: D, 12 : 12 cycle, for 3 weeks and treated with 0.5 ml of physiological saline or drugs for 2 weeks. A highly significant diurnal rhythm with peak at 22 hour of early dark phase with an amplitude$(0.68{\pm}0.06\;pmole/mg\;protein)$ of +51.1% and nadir $(0.33{\pm}0.03\;mole/mg\;prtein)$ at 18 hour of late light phase with an amplitude of -26.6% was found in control group. 24 tour mean of $^3H-morphine$ binding was $0.45{\pm}0.03\;pmole/mg$ protein respectively. Constant dark adaptation or treatment of reserpine, pargyline, imipramine, amphetamine and chlorpromazine modified the diurnal rhythm in the time of peak and nadir binding shape, phase, amplitude of the diurnal curve and 24 hour mean of $^3H-morphine$ binding. However, Kd values were not changed in all experimental groups : Statistical analysis at times of least and great binding indicates that the differences in $^3H-morphine$ binding were due to changes not in the affinity, but in the number of binding sites. The results are interpreted with regard to the diurnal rhythm of opiate receptor finding. The modes of action of psychoactive drugs are closely related to postulated changes of receptor sensitivity in neuropharmacological aspects.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 1981

d-amphetamine이 사람에서 paranoid schizophrenia와 아주 유사한 model psychosis를 일으키며 또한 사람과 실험동물에서 실제 정신분열증에서 뚜렷이 관찰되는 behavioral perservation을 일으킬 수 있음이 관찰되었다. 이에 많은 학자들은 이러한 양상의 행동변화가 정신분열증의 원인 추구에 중요한 의미를 주는 뇌변화를 반영할지도 모른다는 생각에 많은 연구를 거듭하여 왔다. 지금까지는 주로 catecholamine기전에 대하여 집중적 연구가 수행되어져 왔으나 최근에는 d-amphetamine의 약리기전의 일부는 5-HT기전이 차지하고 있으며, 여러 행동변화에는 catecholaimin 보다 5-HT 가 더 중요하게 관계하고 있다는 주장이 나오고 있다. 또한 d-amphetamine은 시험관내에서 MAO 특히 신경전달물질 분해요소인 A type를 가역적으로 억제할 수 있음이 보고되어 많은 흥미를 끌어왔으나 생체내에서의 억제여부는 직접적으로 확인이 되고 있지 않다. 그러나 최근에 Braestrup(1977)과 El Hait(1978)등은 간접적인 방법으로 생체내에서도 억제시킬 수 있음을 보고하고 있다. 이에 저자는 d-amphetamine에 의해 야기되는 행동변화와 그 밑바탕을 이루는 생화학적 기전에 5-HT가 차지하는 역할을 알아보기 위해서 다음의 실험을 시행하였다. 첫째, d-amphetamine의 급성, 만성 투여가 5-HT의 5-HIAA 로의 turnover와 MAO활성도에 어떤 영향을 미치며, 더 나아가서 이 양자사이에 어느 정도 상관관계가 있는지를 알아보기 위해서 d-amphetamine을 투여한 후 시간 경과에 따라서 뇌내 5-HT, 5-HIAA, 5-HT turnover rate와 MAO 활성도를 측정하였다. 둘째, d-amphetamine, 5-HT 합성을 증가시키는 약물과 합성을 억제시키는 약물을 투여하고, 위의 생화학적 실험과 행동관찰을 병합 실시하여 비교분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg)을 급성투여시, 뇌내 5-HT함량이 투여 1시간 후에 최고로(대조치의 123%, p<0.001) 증가되다가 이후 감소하며, 5-HIAA 함량은 처음 15분부터 감소하기 시작하다가 30분에 최저로 떨어지며(대조치의 78%, p<0.005) 이후 증가하여 24시간째는 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 미토콘드리아 MAO활성도는 1시간째에 최저로 떨어지다가(대조치의 89%, p<0.05)이후 회복하기 시작하여 24시간째에 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 5-HT의 turnover rate는 MAO활성도 변화와 거의 같은 변화를 보였다. 2) 만성투여시 (하루 2번, 14일간 투여)는 5-HT 함량, 5-HIAA 함량, MAO 활성도 및 5-HT turnover rate 모두가 중등도로 감소되었다. (각각 대조치의 87%, 69%, 80%, 79%). 3) MAO 활성도와 5-HT turnover rate 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.866, p<0.001, N=94). 4) MAO 활성도의 역동학 실험에서는 대조치에 비해 투여군에서 Km 값은 의미가 있는 증가가 있었으나 $V_{max}$값은 큰 변동이 없었다. 5) d-amphetamine을 급성 투여할때는 sleeping과 lying components는 상당한 감소를 보인 반면, locomotor activity 는 1시간까지는 상당한 증가를 보였으며 용량이 적을수록 더 큰 증가가 있었다. 반면 stereotypy는 1시간까지 용량이 증가할수록 더 큰 증가가 나타나서 locomotor activity에서 stereotypy 의 증가로 이행을 나타내었다. 만성 투여시는 locomotor activity는 점차적인 감소를 보였으나 stereotypy는 점차적인 증가가 나타나서 14일쯤에는 평형에 도달하였다. 6) PCPA 단독 투여군(400 mg/kg, 3번)에 있어서는 5-HT와 5-HIAA 함량의 상당한 감소가 나타났으나 MAO 활성도와 행동에는 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. PCPA전 처치군에 있어서도 5-HT와 5-HIAA 함량은 마찬가지로 상당한 감소를 나타내었으나 gnawing, sniffing과 locomotor activity는 더 증가를, stereotyped head weaving, forepaw treading과 hindlimb abduction은 상당한 감소를 나타내었다. 7) L-tryptophan(100 mg/kg)단독 투여시는 5-HT 함량은 약간 증가를 나타내었으나 5-HIAA 함량은 상당한 증가를 보였다. MAO활성도나 행동은 큰 변화없었다. L-tryptophan 전처치군에 있어서는 5-HT 함량은 더 큰 증가를 보였으나, 5-HIaa 함량은 MAO 활성도는 별 변화없었으며 stereotypedlateral head waving, forepaw treading 과 hindlimb abduction은 증가를, locomotor activity, gnawing과 sniffing components는 감소를 나타내었다. 8) d-amphetamine 단독투여, 혹은 L-tryptophan 전처치, PCPA 전처치후 측정한 5-HT 함량과 stereotyped head weaving, forepaw treading, hinilimb abduction components 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.789, p<0.001). 반면 5-HT 함량과 locomotor activity, stereotyped gnawing과 sniffing components 사이에는 약한 음성의 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.554, p <0.005). 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼때 5-HT의 5-HIAA 로의 turnover rate 는 주로 MAO 활성도에 의해서 조절되며 5-HT 기전이 d-amphetamine에 의해서 야기된 여러 행동변화 중 상당한 부분에서 중요한 역할을 하리라고 생각된다.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2017

In order to maximize the efficiency and the quality of care in a hospital, hospitals in general operate by appointments. Patient no-shows or missed appointments waste the time of staffs who prepare for appointments, deprive patients of needed care, and increase burden on clinic capacity. The purpose of this study is to examine the importance and significance of factors that affect patient no-shows. The actual data of 50,000 outpatient appointments is compiled and analyzed from a VAMC in the United States with aims to identify the factors that contribute to outpatient no-shows and to draw meaningful implications. Random forest along with logistic regression analysis identify the factors affecting no-shows; appointment leadtime, show-up rate, travel distance, no-show rate in previous period, patient age, severity, complexity of disease, chronic pain, depression, drug dependence. The appointment leadtime, show-up rate, travel distance and previous no-show rate can be improved by enhancing SMS pre-notification and by improving afterwards telephone counseling. For other factors, it needs to study on the service differentiation with the characteristics of each patient group.