• Title/Summary/Keyword: 시간강우강도

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Characteristics of Pesticide Runoff and Persistence on Agricultural Watersheds in Korea (영농지역에서 작물재배 형태에 따른 농약의 잔류성과 유출특성)

  • Park, Byung-Jun;Kwon, Oh-Kyung;Kim, Jin-Kyoung;Kim, Jin-Bea;Kim, Jin-Ho;Yoon, Soon-Kang;Shim, Jae-Han;Hong, Moo-Gi
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.194-201
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    • 2009
  • To evaluate the exposure of non-point source pesticide pollution in agricultural watershed and to investigate pesticide distribution and runoff from agricultural land, paddy field, upland and orchard, this experiment was carry out during crop growing seasons. The pesticide were detected twenty pesticides fungicide 4, insecticide 10, herbicide 6) in water of Neungchon agricultural watershed and detection concentrations were range 0.008${\sim}$7.59 ppb. Most of the detection pesticides were using pesticides to rice paddy fields to control fungi, insects, weeds. During the crop cultivation, the pesticide were detected total thirty pesticides by pepper field soil 6, orchard soil 4, sesame field soil 3 and rice paddy field soil 5, and pesticide concentrations were range 0.001${\sim}$0.109 ppm. Especially the herbicides were detected mainly in May and June in the stream water. The pesticide were detected thirty pesticides by fungicide 2, insecticide 6, herbicide 5 in water of Jungam Koseong agricultural watershed and detection concentrations were range 0.01${\sim}$7.21 ppb. In regard to the detected pesticides, the concentration of individual pesticides measured in surface water of the study areas never exceeded guidelines for agriculture chemicals concerning water quality-effluent from paddy fields in Japan (Katayama, 2003). Runoff rate of pesticides was range 0.07${\sim}$3.06 % from Kongju agricultural land to watershed after applied pesticides.

The properties of a low expansion glass ceramics of $Li_{2}O-Al_{2}O_{3}-SiO_{2}$ system ($Li_{2}O-Al_{2}O_{3}-SiO_{2}$계 저팽창 결정화 유리의 특성)

  • Kim, Bok-Hee;Ko, Jung-Hoon;Nam, O-Jung;Kang, Woo-Jin;Lee, Chang-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.79-83
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    • 2009
  • The glass-ceramic of the $Li_{2}O-Al_{2}O_{3}-SiO_{2}$ system was investigated to develop the low thermal expansion materials. The glass of this system was heat treated at $775^{\circ}C$ for 2 h for nucleation and subsequently at $825{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ for 2 h for crystallization. The crystal structure of the glass-ceramic of this system was a single phase of $\beta$-quartz solid solution($Li_{x}Al_{x}Si_{1-x}O_{2}$). The thermal expansion of the glass-ceramic showed $4.40{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}1.33{\times}10^{-6}K^{-1}$ between $25{\sim}300^{\circ}C$ and $1.56{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}2.53{\times}10^{-6}K^{-1}$ between $25{\sim}800^{\circ}C$, higher than lower temperature range. The mechanical strength remained almost same at around high 110 MPa with heating temperature changes.

Hydro-Biogeochemical Approaches to Understanding of Water and Carbon Cycling in the Gwangneung Forest Catchment (수문생지화학적 접근을 통한 광릉 산림 유역의 물과 탄소 순환 이해)

  • Kim, Su-Jin;Lee, Dong-Ho;Kim, Joon;Kim, Sung
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.109-120
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    • 2007
  • The information on flowpath, storage, residence time, and interactions of water and carbon transport in a catchment is the prerequisite to the understanding and predicting of water and carbon cycling in the mountainous landscapes of Korea. In this paper, along with some up-to-date results, we present the principal methods that are currently used in HydroKorea and CarboKorea research to obtain such information. Various catchment hydrological processes have been examined on the basis of the water table fluctuations, the end-member mixing model, the cross correlation analysis, and cosmogenic radioactive isotope activity. In the Gwangneung catchment, the contribution of surface discharge was relatively large, and the changes in the amount, intensity and patterns of precipitation affected both the flowpath and the mean residence time of water. Particularly during the summer monsoon, changes in precipitation patterns and hydrological processes in the catchment influenced the carbon cycle such that the persistent precipitation increased the discharge of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrated in the surface soil layer. The improved understanding of the hydrological processes presented in this report will enable a more realistic assessment of the effects of climate changes on the water resource management and on the carbon cycling in forest catchments.

A Study on the Peak Runoff Reduction Effect of Seolleung·Jeongneung Zone by Applying LID(Low Impact Development) System based on the Landscape Architectural Technology (조경기술기반 LID 시스템 적용을 통한 선릉·정릉 권역의 첨두유출량 분석)

  • Kim, Tae-Han;Choi, Jong-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.126-133
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    • 2017
  • This study analyzed hydrological changes of stormwater runoff of Seolleung Jeongneung zone according to the application of LID system based on landscape Architectural technology. The results are as follows. First, when flooding occurred in Gwanghwamun in July 27, 2011, the maximum instantaneous rainfall amount was 183 mm/hr recorded at 10:00 on 27th for 10 minutes, and it was confirmed that rainfall intensity more than three times as high as the maximum rainfall of 57.5 mm/hr. Second, it is possible to control peak flow rate in the case of 1,500mm of soil thickness, so that it is possible to improve the vulnerability of flood damage in Seolleung and Jeongneung zone when applying the LID system. Third, in the berm height scenario, peak flow rate control was not controled in all depth level models, but the first stormwater runoff was delayed by 4 hours and 10 minutes compared to the soil thickness scenario. It was interpreted as a relatively important indicator the soil thickness for the initial stromwater runoff reduction and the berm height for the peak runoff. Through this, the systematic adaptation of landscape-friendly ecological factors within the cultural property protection zone could theoretically confirm the effects of flood disaster prevention.

Bio-mediated Flocculation by Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Cohesive Sediment Suspensions: Experimental Study (생체고분자물질이 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Baek, Seung-Ryong;Kim, Jae-In;O, Min-Ji;Lee, Byeong-Jun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2015.05a
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    • pp.107-107
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    • 2015
  • 최근 기후변화로 인한 강우강도 증대, 산업화에 따른 토지개발 등으로 인하여 다량의 점착성 부유사(Cohesive Sediments)가 하천, 호소 등 수자원 환경으로 유입되고 있다. 점착성 부유사는 하천, 호소의 난류 조건에 따라 부유하거나 혹은 응집, 침전하여 하상 저니층을 형성한다. 부유사, 미생물 및 각종 유기입자가 포함된 하상 저니층은 검은색으로 외관상 보기 좋지 않을 뿐 아니라, 혐기성상태에서 부패하여 수생태계의 건강성을 해치게 된다. 또한 미세 부유사 및 미생물 입자는 각종 중금속, 유기오염물질을 흡착하고, 조건에 따라 재용출할 수 있는 저장매체로 작용하기 때문에 수자원환경에 미치는 영향이 아주 크다. 특히, 수중 미생물(조류) 작용에 의해 생성되는 EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances)는 부유사 및 미생물 입자들을 서로 엉겨 붙게 하여, 부유사-미생물 혼합 응집체 및 저니층 형성을 가속화하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 EPS가 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여, Xanthan Gum (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)을 EPS의 지표 물질로 사용하고, Kaolinite(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)를 수자원환경에 존재하는 대표적인 부유사로 사용하여 응집실험(Jar Test)을 수행하였다. 이온농도가 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 수체 이온농도를 0.0001M NaCl, 0.001M NaCl, 0.01M NaCl, 그리고 0.001M NaCl + 0.1mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 0.5mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 1.0 mg/L $Ca^{2+}$으로 보정하여 응집실험을 수행하였다. 250 rpm 급속 교반 1븐, 50 rpm 완속교반 5시간, 침잔 1시간 후 응집체를 채취하여 응집체 이미지 분석을 통해 응집체 크기 및 형상을 측정하였고, 수표면 2 cm 지점에서 상등액을 채수하여 잔류 고형물 농도 분석을 실시하였다. 응집실험을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다.. 낮은 이온농도의 경우, EPS가 큰 고분자 구조체에 부유 입자들이 엮어 응집되는 Sweeping Flocculation의 특징을 나타내었다. 하지만, 이온농도가 높아질수록 경우, EPS 고분자 구조체 내부 반발력이 감소하여 크기가 축소되고, 이에 따라 부유 입자 표면에 패치 형태로 흡착되었다. EPS가 패치형태로 입자에 흡착한 경우, 응집제 농도 증가에 따라 응집능 최적점이 형성되고, 이후 표면하전 역전이나 Steric Stabilization에 의해 응집능이 저감되는 형태를 나타낸다. 따라서,수중이온농도가 EPS의 사슬형 고분자 응집제의 크기, 형태(Morphology)를 결정하고, 더 나아가 응집능을 결정하는 중요한 인자로 나타났다. 따라서, 후속 연구를 통하여 생체고분자물질의 크기 및 형태 변화, 이에 따른 응집능변화를 면밀히 연구하고자 한다.

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Seasonal Variations of Nitrifying Bacteria in Agricultural Reservoir (농업용 저수지에서의 질화세균의 계절적인 변화)

  • Lee, Hee-Soon;Lee, Young-Ok
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.35 no.3 s.99
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    • pp.152-159
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    • 2002
  • The seasonal variations of nitrifying bacterial population sampled from 3 sites in Moon-Chon reservoir were analyzed by in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes from August 2000 until July 2001. In addition, physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, chi-a and DOC were measured to determine correlations between those factors and the size of nitrifying bacterial populations. Total bacterial numbers varied in the range of $0.8{\sim}1.5{\times}10^6\;cells/ml$ independent of sites and had the maximal values in March at all 3 stations. The ratio of eubacteria to total bacteria ranged from 44.9% to 79.5%, and the ratio of each nitrifying bacteria to eubacterial numbers reached only $1.0{\sim}7.4%$. The variations of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ranged from $1.1{\times}10^4$ to $3.0{\times}10^4\;cells/ml$ without noticeable peak values whereas those of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria varied in $1.3{\sim}5.7{\times}10^4\;cells/ml$ with the increasing tendency in winter regardless of the sites. Moreover it was observed that the numbers of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were higher than those of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Total bacterial numbers correlated with water temperature (r = 0.355, p<0.05) and DOC (r = 0.58G, p<0.01) positively whereas nitrite-oxidizing bacteria correlated with temperature (r = -0.416, p<0.05) and pH (r = -0.568, p = 0.001) negatively. In addition, DOC represented good correlations with eubacterial numbers (r = 0.448, p<0.01). These results indicate that temperature, DOC and pH might be one of the main factors affecting variations of bacterial populations in the aquatic ecosystem. It was also suggested that FISH method is a useful tool for detection of slow growing nitrifying bacteria.

Calculation of future rainfall scenarios to consider the impact of climate change in Seoul City's hydraulic facility design standards (서울시 수리시설 설계기준의 기후변화 영향 고려를 위한 미래강우시나리오 산정)

  • Yoon, Sun-Kwon;Lee, Taesam;Seong, Kiyoung;Ahn, Yujin
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.54 no.6
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    • pp.419-431
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    • 2021
  • In Seoul, it has been confirmed that the duration of rainfall is shortened and the frequency and intensity of heavy rains are increasing with a changing climate. In addition, due to high population density and urbanization in most areas, floods frequently occur in flood-prone areas for the increase in impermeable areas. Furthermore, the Seoul City is pursuing various projects such as structural and non-structural measures to resolve flood-prone areas. A disaster prevention performance target was set in consideration of the climate change impact of future precipitation, and this study conducted to reduce the overall flood damage in Seoul for the long-term. In this study, 29 GCMs with RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were used for spatial and temporal disaggregation, and we also considered for 3 research periods, which is short-term (2006-2040, P1), mid-term (2041-2070, P2), and long-term (2071-2100, P3), respectively. For spatial downscaling, daily data of GCM was processed through Quantile Mapping based on the rainfall of the Seoul station managed by the Korea Meteorological Administration and for temporal downscaling, daily data were downscaled to hourly data through k-nearest neighbor resampling and nonparametric temporal detailing techniques using genetic algorithms. Through temporal downscaling, 100 detailed scenarios were calculated for each GCM scenario, and the IDF curve was calculated based on a total of 2,900 detailed scenarios, and by averaging this, the change in the future extreme rainfall was calculated. As a result, it was confirmed that the probability of rainfall for a duration of 100 years and a duration of 1 hour increased by 8 to 16% in the RCP4.5 scenario, and increased by 7 to 26% in the RCP8.5 scenario. Based on the results of this study, the amount of rainfall designed to prepare for future climate change in Seoul was estimated and if can be used to establish purpose-wise water related disaster prevention policies.

The Comparison of Existing Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method in Korea (국내 기존 합성단위도 방법의 비교)

  • Jeong, Seong-Won;Mun, Jang-Won
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.659-672
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    • 2001
  • Generally, design flood for a hydraulic structure is estimated using statistical analysis of runoff data. However, due to the lack of runoff data, it is difficult that the statistical method is applied for estimation of design flood. In this case, the synthetic unit hydrograph method is used generally and the models such as NYMO method, Snyder method, SCS method, and HYMO method have been widely used in Korea. In this study, these methods and KICT method, which is developed in year 2000, are compared and analyzed in 10 study areas. Firstly, peak flow and peak time of representative unit hydrograph and synthetic unit hydrograph in study area are compared, and secondly, the shape of unit hydrograph is compared using a root mean square error(RMSE). In Nakayasu method developed in Japan, synthetic unit hydrograph is very different from peak flow, peak time, and the shape of representative unit hydrograph, and KICT method(2000) is superior to others. Also, KICT method(2000) is superior to others in the aspects of using hydrologic and topographical data. Therefore, Nakayasu method is not a proper in hydrological practice. Moreover, it is considered that KICT model is a better method for the estimation of design flood. However, if other model, i.e. SCS method, Nakayasu method, and HYMO method, is used, parameters or regression equations must be adjusted by analysis of real data in Korea.

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Hydrological Forecasting Based on Hybrid Neural Networks in a Small Watershed (중소하천유역에서 Hybrid Neural Networks에 의한 수문학적 예측)

  • Kim, Seong-Won;Lee, Sun-Tak;Jo, Jeong-Sik
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.303-316
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    • 2001
  • In this study, Radial Basis Function(RBF) Neural Networks Model, a kind of Hybrid Neural Networks was applied to hydrological forecasting in a small watershed. RBF Neural Networks Model has four kinds of parameters in it and consists of unsupervised and supervised training patterns. And Gaussian Kernel Function(GKF) was used among many kinds of Radial Basis Functions(RBFs). K-Means clustering algorithm was applied to optimize centers and widths which ate the parameters of GKF. The parameters of RBF Neural Networks Model such as centers, widths weights and biases were determined by the training procedures of RBF Neural Networks Model. And, with these parameters the validation procedures of RBF Neural Networks Model were carried out. RBF Neural Networks Model was applied to Wi-Stream basin which is one of the IHP Representative basins in South Korea. 10 rainfall events were selected for training and validation of RBF Neural Networks Model. The results of RBF Neural Networks Model were compared with those of Elman Neural Networks(ENN) Model. ENN Model is composed of One Step Secant BackPropagation(OSSBP) and Resilient BackPropagation(RBP) algorithms. RBF Neural Networks shows better results than ENN Model. RBF Neural Networks Model spent less time for the training of model and can be easily used by the hydrologists with little background knowledge of RBF Neural Networks Model.

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Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Fine Contents on the Formation of Underground Cavities and Ground Cave-ins by Damaged Sewer Pipes (하수관 손상으로 인한 지하공동 및 지반함몰 발생에 대해 세립분 함량이 미치는 영향의 실험적 평가)

  • Kwak, Tae-Young;Lee, Seung-Hwan;Chung, Choong-Ki;Baek, Sung-Ha
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.37 no.11
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    • pp.93-105
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    • 2021
  • In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil fine contents on the formation of underground cavities and ground cave-ins induced by damaged sewer pipes. Simulating the domestic rainfall conditions and ground conditions, model tests were performed under three different fine particle contents conditions (7.5%, 15%, and 25%). By repeating the groundwater supply and drainage twice, ground settlement and the amount of discharged soil were obtained. Also, digital images were taken at regular time intervals during the model tests, and internal displacement and deformation were measured using PIV technique. As the cycles were repeated, the soil with high fine content showed greater resistance to the formation of underground cavities. The ground cave-ins, identified by the collapse of the surface, occurred only when the fine particle content was 15%. It is presumed to be due to the suffusion phenomenon; further study was needed to investigate the effect of fine particle contents on the suffusion phenomenon and associated changes of soil strength.