• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2008

The simulation analysis of fire-driven flow and passenger evacuation in Daegu subway station, Chung-Ang, have been performed. The first location of outbreak of fire is inside passenger car in the third basement in Chung-Aug station, The smoke flow in the second and third basement has been analyzed using FLUENT 6.2. The CO (carbon monoxide) and temperature distribution in the train units and station platform have been obtained and transferred to input data for evacuation simulation. The highest temperature in the train units was 1500k. For the simulation of passenger evacuation, EXODUS has been used for whole basements (level 1${\sim}$level 3) in the station. Total number of people was assumed to be one thousand and 640 were placed inside train and 360 were placed outside train. In evacuation simulation, an average of 135 passengers were killed and an average time to evacuate takes 10min 19sec. The main evacuation routes used by passengers were investigated and the cause of death was identified by evacuation simulation.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1346-1353
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• 2007

The simulation analysis of fire-driven flow and passenger evacuation in Daegu subway station, Chung-Ang, have been performed. The first location of outbreak of fire is inside passenger car in the third basement in Chung-Ang station. The smoke flow in the second and third basement has been analyzed using FLUENT 6.2. The CO(carbon monoxide) and temperature distribution in the train units and station platform have been obtained and transferred to input data for evacuation simulation. The highest temperature in the train units was 1500K. For the simulation of passenger evacuation, EXODUS has been used for whole basements (level 1${\sim}$ level 3) in the station. Total number of people was assumed to be one thousand and 640 were placed inside train and 360 were placed outside train. In evacuation simulation, an average of 135 passengers were killed and an average time to evacuate takes 10min 19sec. The main evacuation routes used by passengers were investigated and the cause of death was identified by evacuation simulation.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2011

This paper suggests the passenger model considered evacuation behavioral characteristics on the passenger ship fire using a rules-based agent technique. The existing evacuation simulation system was modeled only passenger speed. The speed-based model considered passenger's physical characteristics, so it couldn't consider evacuation behavioral characteristics. For solving this problem, we modeled the passenger model using a rule-based agent applied evacuation behavioral characteristics. The rule-based agent consists of knowledge base and inference engine. In knowledge base, we represented evacuation behavioral characteristics, and chose the examples of the evacuation behavioral characteristics to show various patterns of behavior. And we simulated in the IMO MSC/Circ.1238 example 8 and we proved the simulation results could represent variety patterns of human behavior.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1807-1813
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• 2007

The study aims at analyzing an underground station refuge model using EXODUS, one of the refuge simulation programs. The model for simulation is the Daegu Subway (Joongang-ro station). The details of the accident are referred to as the simulation condition the refuge time of traveling from the $3^{rd}$ basement platform to the $1^{st}$ basement is mainly calculated, with passengers numbering 1,000 including 329 at car 1079, 320 at car 1080, and 360 who are not on board. Reference data is used to set up the position of passengers. CFAST fire simulator is also used, and a fast curve among the $t^2$ growth curves, selected as fire growth scenario. The zone is divided into a total of 24 including 18 at the $3^{rd}$ basement platform and 6 at the $2^{nd}$ basement the $1^{st}$ basement is excluded in the fire simulation, however.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1354-1361
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• 2007

The evacuation simulation study was performed with the boundary condition of a fire simulator, referring to Dae-gu Subway Fire Accident which was a real station fire. The subway station was modelled from B3F station building to B2F waiting room in fire simulation. Also, a fire simulation were performed with CFAST and FLUENT. In CFAST, the total 29 zones were divided into 18 station buildings in B3F and 11 station buildings in B2F. In FLUENT, the simulated space had the same establishment as zone of CFAST. The study focused on possibility for application of fire simulation in underground station by comparing the resulted values from two simulators. For application of fire effect, the fire data were loaded directly to EXODUS in the case of CFAST and performed a passenger evacuation simulation. In the case of FLUENT, Out Data values of a fire simulation were difficult to be compatible with EXODUS. Two resulted values of passenger evacuation simulation by fire simulation were compared with the Dae-gu Subway Fire Accident in reality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2014.06a
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• pp.125-126
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• 2014

현재의 안전설비기준은 정량적 관점에서 정의되었고, 선박 재난 시나리오에 관한 대응수준을 평가할 방법이 없다. 선박, 특히 여객선 승객의 안전성을 향상시키기 위해서는 설계단계 혹은 증개축단계에서 성능기반의 피난안전설계에 의한 평가를 통해 문제점을 파악하고 개선안을 제실할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 2015

Seafarers can confront to evacuate from the ship with many reasons such as collision, grounding and fire accident. It believes that evacuation time from ship is very important element in order to increase survival rate in the contingency circumstance, however narrow and complex structure of ship is one of obstacle element against prompt evacuation. Taking into consideration the unique structure of ship compared to the structure of other facilities, speed of fire propagation on board ship is faster than the same size of other type facilities. Therefore, measures to prompt evacuation are required. But it comes with the behavioral constraints of the crews and passengers of the nature of operating in a complex structure with narrow vessels. Therefore, in this study, we propose a formula to be analyzed by theoretical approach and simulation methods to improve the survival rate for the crew and passenger of the ship through the ship's structural modification. We analyzed the temperature rise and visibility which are the most influential effects on the life safety in the event of fire by using a three-dimensional analysis of sight-only program Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) as analytical tools.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2014.06a
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• pp.127-129
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• 2014

이 연구에서는 세월호 사고를 계기로 선박의 구조가 인명 생존율에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 분석 기법은 피난전용시뮬레이터를 이용하여 선박의 다양한 구조 및 상황을 적용하여 분석한다. 향후 정확한 선박의 도면 및 실제 상황을 적용하여 정확하고 세밀한 분석 결과를 도출하면 승객 및 선박 승무원의 생존율 향상에 필요한 여러 가지 조건 중 하나로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2015

As the numbers of users of domestic passenger ships increased up to 14.5 millions at 2012, the numbers of ships accidents also increased as 2 times than ever. It will be very important to develop technologies related with safety design for onboard passengers and disclose the potential problems. This study performed consciousness survey on ordinary peoples' way finding who have not got any regular anti-disaster training, to develop evacuation models for evacuation feasibility studies. Followings are the results answered by 83 participants for 33 way finding questions. Respondents selected right ways more than 6~18% for 2 ways like T type, U type, Y type passages. But when there are some walkers and/or runners, respondents preferred to select the way where walkers or runners are. And more over the ratio of the ways that runners are on is comparatively higher than walkers. On 'ㅏ'type, 'ㅓ'type and 3 way type passages, even though the walkers and/or runners are affected to answerers, straight way were most preferred. And it is clear that peoples like bright passages. On the other hands, peoples responded as they like right, downward and near stairs more than left, upward and far stairs, respectively. and very few selected escalator and elevator for as evacuation stairs.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2011

This study simulates and compares the evacuation time and characteristics according to the living patterns on board a training ship which was launched in Dec. 2005, on the viewpoint of the various activities being possible on board a cruise ship. Based on interviews with personnels on board, 3 living patterns are set as representative living conditions; Pattern A(all personnels are positioned at their cabins), Pattern B(all personnels are positioned at lecture rooms, offices or else), Pattern C(all personnels are positioned at restaurant or cafeteria). The simulation results show that Pattern B is comparatively ideal because the evacuation time is short and there is less delay of personnels' movement on each deck. On the contrary, Pattern C is evaluated as the worst because the average evacuation time took more than 360 seconds and the bottle-neck happened at Upper deck. As a result, this study proposes the needs of various countermeasures against the fire and/or disaster, considering the various living patterns on cruiser(s) and/or passenger ship(s).