• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) on the growth and physiological responses of Pinus strobus and the variables that are sensitive to $CaCl_2$. Thus, changes in the visible damage, growth of root collar diameter, plant water content, chlorophyll content and composition, maximum PS II photochemical efficiency, and electron transport rate of P. strobus was analyzed in relation to treatment witih $CaCl_2$. A $CaCl_2$ solution(0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%) was applied in the root zone before leaf unfolding. Leaf browning, defoliation, and drying were observed with $CaCl_2$ application and this pattern was aggravated as the $CaCl_2$ concentration increased and the treatment period became longer. The decrease of growth in root collar diameter and height and leaf water content were observed at $CaCl_2$ 1.0% and 3.0%. The total chlorophyll content indicated that photopigment, PS II photochemical efficiency and electron transport rate significantly decreased at $CaCl_2$ 3.0%. In conclusion, $CaCl_2$ affected leaf water content and led to a decrease of capability in light harvesting and photochemical responses. Also, as a result of the correlation between calcium chloride concentration and growth and physiological response parameters, it was found that the leaf moisture content and the ratio of chlorophyll a and b reflect the damage level of calcium chloride sensitively because their coefficient of determinations were relatively high.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate sensitivity of tree seedlings to $SO_2$. Visible injury symptoms and changes of ethylene production were investigated in tree seedlings with the fumigation of $SO_2$ in gas chamber 4 hours a day for six days. The symptoms of visible injury did not appear below 0.5ppm level of $SO_2$ exposure but a change of visible injury with the passage of time appeared at 1.5 and 2.5ppm in all seedlings. With the higher the concentration and/or the longer exposure of $SO_2$ the visible injury symptoms on leaves increased in all seedlings. The sensitivity of seedlings to $SO_2$ was the highest in Liriodendron tulipifera followed by Pinus strobus, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis. The amount of ethylene production was more at 1.5 and 2.5ppm of $SO_2$ exposure than at 0.5ppm and the peak time of it came faster at higher levels. The amount of ethylene production was significantly different among tree seedlings. It showed a higher at production of ethylene in Liriodendron tulipifera compared to Ginkgo biloba and the ethylene production of Pinus trees to $SO_2$ were the highest in Pinus strobus followed by Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis. In needle of Pinus strobus the ethylene production increased with the increasing rate of visible injury until the injury rate of 40-50% and than decreased with the increasing rate of visible injury since the rate of 50%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.82-92
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the density management of planting sites and an additional model for new planting sites. In the Dongtan New Town of Hwaseong, there are buffer green spaces, with widths between 8m and 15m, between roads and apartment complexes. A total 38 survey plots were set to examine the planting patterns and the density of landscape trees. The Crown Overlapping Index (COI) was developed to assess the level of overcrowding as far as tree growth and development effectively. Pinus strobus recorded the most serious level of overcrowding growth and development. Its average density and average COI were very high at $0.3trees/m^2$ and 35.6%, respectively. There were many areas in which its COI was above 45%. The criteria for density management were set by standardizing the COI into three levels, which were above 45% (Type A), 30~45% (Type B), and under 30% (Type C). A model was proposed to manage poorly growing trees and to develop a model to select and manage trees of similar specification based on the planting patterns. The trees of density management areas were reviewed in terms of tree types and the ease of transplanting to establish an application system for the management plans according to the possibility of transplanting, thinning, and pruning. In new buffer green spaces, the planting density of Pinus strobus was lowered to $0.20{\sim}0.25trees/m^2$, with that of shrubs being reduced to $1.5{\sim}2.0trees/m^2$, leading to a planting design model to cover the lower parts in at least 30~40%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 1983

Pedicularis spp. are the alternate hosts of the white pine blister rust fungi in the forests of Korea, and Ribes spp. were found as other alternate hosts by artificial inoculation test. New biotypes (races) with different host selectivity and pathogenicity of the causal fungi were speculated at various places in Korea. The aeciospores of the fungi were collected from two isolated places, Pyeongchang and Namwoen, and artificially inoculated on Pedicularis resupinata and six species of the genus Ribes. Among the tested alternate host species, P. resupinata and R. montigenum were only susceptible to both the Pyeongchang population and the Namwoen population, showing similar pathogencity between the two fungai populations. Three white pine species were planted in fungus-infested stands to study the susceptibility of each tree species. Four years later, 17.7% of Pinus koraiensis and 26.3% of the P. strobus were infected, but P. parviflora was free from attack. From the above results, it was concluded that the white pine blister rust fungus populations in Korea are of the same biotype, with P. koraiensis and P. strobus as aecial hosts, and Pedicularis spp. and Ribes spp. as telial hosts.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 1993

Effects of paper mill sludge-fertilizers were investigated on the growth performances of tree seedlings under field conditions. Two types of sludge-fertilizers applied were an organic sludge compost and a processed sludge-pellet fertilizer strengthened with several components of organic and inorganic nutrients. Three species of tree seedlings studied were ibota privet(Ligustrum obtusifolium) and yellow poplar(Liriodendron tulipifera) of 1-0 year seedlings and also eastern white pine(Pinus strobus) of 2-2 year seedlings. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of plot soil treated with sludge compost+sludge-pellet fertilizer+sludge-pellet fertilizer plot were increased to 8 times and 2.6 times as those of control plot, respectively. The growth performances of root collar diameter and seedling height were repeatedly measured up to five times through the growing season and the results were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance of randomized block design and Duncan's multiple range test. The growth performances of dry weight were measured after last fifth measurements.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.198-203
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal changes on height, root collar diameter, shoot growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents of Pinus strobus seedlings (two-year old) grown under different light environments in Sangju National University Nursery. Four shade treatments provided seedlings with full sunlight (1800 umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ), 75% of full sunlight (1350 umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ), 50% of full sunlight (900 ,umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ) and 25% of full sunlight (450 umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ). Planting density in four light intensities was 30 cm$\times$30cm. In each treatment, 10 trees were planted and height, diameter at root collar, shoot growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents (chlorophyll a, band a+ b) were measured. The highest height, root collar diameter, shoot growth and biomass in Pinus strobus seedlings were observed at full sunlight. Specially, root biomass was the most sensitive tree components part and strongly associated with decreases in the total biomass under low light intensity. The lowest chlorophyll contents (Chlorophyll a, band a+ b) were shown at 25% of sunlight, the lowest light intensity in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1988

Size characteristics of three widely used landscape trees were analized to establish a methodology of size prediction as time Passes. Tree height, tree width, stem diameter(breast or surface), canopy length and tree age were measured directly and indirectly(by using photograph), and the data were analized by using regression analysis through PC-SAS. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Zelkova serrata MAKINO showed relatively slow growth rate and the tree form was changed as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.8293 x AGE Tree height = 0.4109(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0039(0.7273 x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.3240(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0024(0.1293 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1337(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0020(0.7293 x AGE)$^2$2. Pinus strobus L. showed relatively fast growth rate and the tree form did not change much as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below. Breast diameter = 0.756 x AGE Tree height = 0.7695(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0164(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.4331(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0079(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1365(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0032(0.75f x AGE)$^2$ 3. In case of Magnolia denudata DESROUX, tree form was determined relatively earlier than the other two species. Si2e predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.88 x AGE Tree height = 0.5412(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0110(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ Tree width = 0.3752(0.88 x AGE) - 7.0061(0.88 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1110(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0022(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ This study aimed to find a way to predict size change of landscaping plants. This methodology will be applied to a wide range of landscape plants to provide practical data to landscape designers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1988

Predicting treeform should be very important, eventhough it is difficult, step for landscape designers. This study was carried out to develop a method to classify the treeforms of landscape plants by numerical data. Twenty five treeforms are selected to be compared with 41 Zelkova serrata MAKINO, 26 Pinus strobus L., and 44 Magnolia denudata DESROUX. Statistical judgement was made by using X$^2$-Test. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Zelkova serrata was classified as B3 or C3. This species showed a tendency of changing from A type to B or C type, and the CL/CH ratio(canopy length/canopy height) is thought to be increased as aged. 2. pinus strobus was classified as D4-D5 and the CL/CH ratio tends to be increased as aged. 3. Magnolia denudata was classified as D4 and the change by aging was not observed clearly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for improving the method of landscape planting in apartment complex by objective surveying and analysing the growth ratio by type and ground planted in landscape tree. The results are as follows. In the survival ratio of tree, Pinus densiflora was the highest and Abies koreana was the lowest in evergreen tree. In case of deciduous tree, the species of the highest survival ratio were Diospyros kaki, Zelkova serrata, Prunus mume, Lagerstroemia indica and Ginkgo biloba. There showed that Sorbus commixta and Chaenomeles sinensis had the lowest survial ratio. In case of tree growth by types, Pinus strobus was the highest and Pinus densiflora var. globosa was the lowest among evergreen trees. Among deciduous trees, the growth ratio of Zelkova serrata was the highest, and the trees showed the lowest growth were Lagerstroemia indica, Magnolia denudata and Cornus officinalis. Pinus strobus, Cornus kousa, Ginkgo biloba, Chionanthus retusa and Acer palmatum were good growth in natural ground, and Zelkova serrata and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu were good in artificial ground. In the future, if you study the growth characteristics and shrubs that are excluded from the study of landscape trees in various locations are expected to derive objective data.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.397-408
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• 1993

Gas exchange rates and concentrations of ascorbate and glutathlone were measured in needles of eastern white pine(Pinus strohltr) trees differing in foliar sensitivity to ambient oxidant pollution during a ten month period beginning in mid-June, 1988. Current-year needle dry mass and length was 60 to 75% and 45 to 60% less, respectively, in sens~tive trees than in a tolerant tree. Net photosynthesis ($P_n$) and needle conductance ($g_n$) were greatest in the tolerant individual through late September when the rates begin to decline In trees. Needle transpiration rates showed a trend similar to $P_n$ and $g_n$. Ascorbate and total glutathione concentrations in current-year needles increased through the summer and fall, reached a maximum in mid-winter, and then decreased in the spring. Consistently throughout the year, ascorbate concentration was highest in the tolerant tree until the initial springtime decline began in April. The difference In needle ascorbate between the tolerant and sensitive individuals was greater in the summer months (25 to 30%) than in the winter months (8 to 19%). Glutathione content was similar, as was the ratio or oxidized /reduced glutathione, in both tolerant and sensitive trees.