• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2018

Sludge transporting pipes in wastewater treatment plant are easy to be clogged with struvite when the digested sludge and dehydrated filtrate are transported through the pipes, which lowers the efficiency of sludge treatment system in a WWTP. pH is one of the most important factors in struvite formation, and carbon dioxide separated from biogas can be used to control pH and struvite formation. By controlling pH, the amount of dehydrating agent can be reduced by about 10%, which saves the budget for facility maintenance. As $CO_2$ is reused and dehydrating chemicals are saved, the approach can contribute to global warming gas reduction.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.13
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

White crystals on 46 costumes excavated from Shim Su-Ryun(1534 - 1589)'s tomb were examined their characterization and distribution. In 36 of such samples, white crystals with different shape and hardness were found. The formation of crystals did not correlated with a kind and use of textiles. However, crystals were found in the back side than the front of costume, specially around the marks of shrouding dead body. White crystals from 7 textiles were investigated by EPMA, XRD, or FT-IR. The composition of white crystal was analysed by EPMA and the structure characterization of crystals was used by X-ray diffraction. FT-IR spectroscopy was applied to check if non-crystalline compounds were also present. Mg and P were detected as the main element of white crystals and these compounds were identified a struvite and newberyite, the inorganic mineral magnesium ammonium phosphates. Struvite precipitation are influenced by many factors including concentration of Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, and PO₄^3- ions, pH, and temperatures. It is assumed that magnesium, phosphorous, ammonia, a base material of struvite comes from decomposition product of human body. Tomb covered with lime, a unique triple-structure in Joseon period offering the basic condition, an anaerobe in a coffin, and high magnesium concentration of outer coffin with lime can be inferred as important factor for precipitation of crystals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.535-538
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• 2011

최근 모바일 기기가 활성화되면서 자바스크립트의 성능 향상이 이슈가 되고 있다. 적시 컴파일러를 탑재한 자바스크립트 엔진들이 등장하면서 이러한 요구를 충족하고 있다. 대표적 웹 브라우징 엔진인 WebKit의 자바스크립트 엔진인 SquirrelFish Extreme(SFX)는 콘텍스트 쓰레딩 방식의 적시 컴파일러를 사용하고 있다. 하지만 모바일 환경에서의 성능은 여전히 문제가 된다. 모바일 환경에서 많이 사용되는 ARM CPU를 위한 SFX의 적시 컴파일러는 가상 레지스터를 머신 코드에서 사용하기 위해 많은 수의 메모리 로드와 스토어를 사용하고 있다. 또한 ARM 아키텍처가 제공하는 레지스터를 제대로 사용하지 못하고 사용되지 않는 레지스터가 존재하고 있다. 사용되지 않는 레지스터를 활용하여 메모리 로드와 스토어를 줄이는 레지스터 프로모션을 적용하였다. 루프에서 머신 코드로 수행되는 바이트 코드를 중심으로 가상레지스터를 실제 머신 레지스터로 할당하여 메모리 로드와 스토어를 줄이고 일부 벤치마크에서 성능향상이 나타남을 확인 했다. 레지스터 프로모션의 효과를 더 증대하기 위해 레지스터 프로모션의 범위를 함수 전체로 넓히고 핸들러 함수 호출에서 발생하는 오버헤드를 줄이는 최적화가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.313-317
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• 2010

The struvite crystallization was applied to remove $NH_4{^+}$ in livestock wastewater. The ammonium ions can be very toxic to the aquatic creatures. In this experiments, the livestock wastewater from Gongju livestock wastewater treatment plant was used. The behaviors of various parameters such as pH, mole ratio of $Mg^{2+}$ : $NH_4{^+}$ : $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and reaction temperature for struvite crystallization of livestock wastewater and the effect of gamma ray irradiation were evaluated. As results, for the pH variation, the $NH_4{^+}$ removal efficiency showed the highest, 88%, at pH 9~9.25. The removal efficiency of $NH_4{^+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $PO{_4}^{3-}$ was showed highest when same molar ratio of $Mg^{2+}$ and $PO{_4}^{3-}$ were applied. The $NH_4{^+}$ removal efficiency showed 82% at $7^{\circ}C$, and 90% at $30^{\circ}C$ with temperature. When the wastewater was irradiated with 20 kGy of gamma ray, $NH_4{^+}$ was removed as much as 83%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.462-469
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• 2017

Eutrophication and shortage of phosphate ore raise the necessity of phosphate removal and recovery from wastewater treatment plants. Especially, a sludge treatment system containing highly concentrated phosphate should be targeted for phosphate removal and recovery. This study thus aimed to evaluate the capability of the struvite crystallization process for phosphate removal and recovery from a sludge treatment system of a wastewater treatment plant. Analysis on phosphate concentrations and masses in the sludge treatment system revealed that digested sludge and centrate have phosphate concentrations and masses, high enough to adopt the struvite crystallization process. Chemical equilibrium modeling indicated that the struvite crystallization reaction substantially occurred with pH higher than 8 and $Mg^{2+}$ concentration 1.2 times higher than its theoretical requirement. A series of batch tests with digested sludge and centrate indicated that the phosphate removal reaction by struvite crystallization followed a first-order kinetics and reached over 80% removal efficiency at equilibrium. Aeration in the batch tests was found to purge $CO_2$ in sludge or centrate and increase pH up to 8.7, without adding NaOH. Thus, we concluded that the struvite crystallization process could be an efficient and economical process for phosphate removal and recovery from a wastewater treatment plant.