• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.617-622
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• 2011

A simple method has been successfully applied to extract squalene and its byproducts alkoxyglycerol from deep-sea shark liver oil. GC-MS was used to determine the extraction amount of the squalene and alkoxyglycerol, and the content of them in rough product and refined product were compared. The physical property of squalene was identified by measuring the pH value, peroxide value and iodine value. Under optimum extraction conditions, the amount of squalene and alkoxyglycerol increased 35.0% and 21.9%, respectively, while the amount of fatty acid decreased from 61% to 4%, especially, the amount of palmitic acid and oleic acid remarkably decreased. Large amount of peroxide and acid were removed from shark liver oil after refining process. Because squalene contains lots of double bond, so the value of iodine is much higher than squalane.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 2003

To investigate the effect of the squalene against the lead toxicity. A healthy male of ICR mice were used for experiment. The SOD was observed after the intraperitoneal injection in mice. The ultrastructural changes of the liver were observed after the intraperitoneal injection in mice. The experimental groups were divided into two groups. Group A was control group that squalene was not treated after intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate. Group B was squalene treatment group that squalene solution was injected after intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate. All groups were used to 10 mice. The results were as follow: SOD activity in the liver, Group A was lower than in normal. But, Group B was higher than in Group A (P<0.05). In the histological observation, Group A were showed that the inner cavity of mitochondria swellen and development of cristae weakened. Swelling of lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) was showed. It was concluded that the SQ will be effective for the recovery of hepatic cell at lead intoxication.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.389-401
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• 2000

The mouse for identifying the histological changes of kidney were also divided into the two groups; treated with only $HgCl_2$ (4 mg/kg), the group treated with $HgCl_2$ and squalene (200 mg/kg). The $HgCl_2$ treated only one time at first day. The squalene treated two times a day (12 hours interval) for every day. Each groups were divided into the five groups; 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after treated $HgCl_2$ and squalene. Historical changes of the kidneys were investigated by electron microscope. The group with only $HgCl_2$ showed that the nuclear membrane was shrinked, the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria were destructed, and ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum were lost. The group treated with $HgCl_2$ and Squalene showed that the nuclear membrane was more rounded, the cristae of the mitochondria were almost normal shape, and more ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum were attached. Therefore , we concluded that squalene has significantly protective effects in kidney to harmful $HgCl_2$.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.443-449
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• 2016

In the present study, whether squalene treatment relives inflammatory reactions induced by Candida albicans was checked. The experiment was conducted in vivo using seven experimental animals (ICR mice) per experimental group. Among C. albicans-induced inflammatory factors, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NO were observed using the ELISA kits method. Through the experiment, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In the group infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing NO generation in renal tissues both on the 1st and 3rd days (p < 0.05). 2. In the group pre-treated(intraperitoneal administration) with SQ (80ml/kg) once per day for seven days and infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing TNF-${\alpha}$ generation in renal tissues only on the 3rd day(p < 0.05). 3. In the group pre-treated(intraperitoneal administration) with SQ (80ml/kg) once per day for seven days and infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing IL-6 generation in renal tissues only on the 3rd day(p < 0.05). In conclusion, it could be seen that for squalene to suppress C. albicans-induced inflammatory factors, preemptively supplying SQ should be effective. Therefore, effects for recovery from C. albicans-induced immunodepression can be expected from SQ treatment.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.241-254
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• 2004

Kidney had recovery functions against toxicants, ischemia, reperfusion-induced damage, acute-renal failure (ARF). Urinary epidermal growth factor (EGF) is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Kidney accumulates or excretes the EGF. In case of renal diseases, excreted EGF was decreased. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects squalene (SQ) on the prevention of experimental acute renal failure induced by glycerol. In case of in vitro study, we investigated the expression of EGF by RT-PCR. After the proximal tubular cells was isolated, glycerol (1, 2, 4 mM) or glycerol plus squalene (0.1, 0.05 or 0.1%) was added. In case of in vivo study, we investigated the changes of BUN, creatine, and ultrastructure. Experimental groups were divided into four groups. Group 1 was normal mouse. Group 2 was injected with SQ only (180 mg/kg). Group 3 was not treated with squalene after intraperitoneal contamination of glycerol (50%, 8 ml/kg). And, Group 4 was treated with squalene (180 mg/kg) after intraperitoneal contamination of glycerol (50%, 8 ml/kg). All groups were used to 7 mice. In the results, we investigated the glycerol induced renal failure. The expression of EGF mRNA was decreased in renal proximal tubules when treated with only glycerol. SQ increased the mRNA expression of EGF in renal proximal tubules. SQ also quickly recovered the levels of BUN and creatine compared with those of mice treated with only glycerol (P<0.01). In case of ultrastructure, group 3 had heavily damaged mitochondria, but, mitochondria in group 4 had evidences of the recovery. It was concluded that SQ had the recovery effects for the glycerol-induced acute renal failure.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2000

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the retention of the radiomercury among the organs in mice. We used the healthy ICR male mice and divided into two grouos. The experimental group was orally treated with squalene(200mg/kg of body weight) at two times a day(12 hrs interval) and radiomercury(0.005 uCi/g of body weight.) only one time. The control group was treated only with radiomercury as same amount of the experimental group. As the result, main retentive organs were kidney, liver, blood, heart and skull. In the control group, all of these organs showed high retention of the radiomercury at 6 hours, but in the experimental groups, all the organs significantly inhibit retention of the .radiomercury by squalene(p<0.05). We conclude that squalene inhibit retention of the radiomercury.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.642-647
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• 1993

Monolayers of pure surfactant squaraine, DSSQ(4-distearyl amino phenyl-4'-dimethylaminophenylsquaraine), were deposited on $SnO_2 $ electrodes by the Langmuir-Blodgett film technique. The DSSQ film exhibits ${\lambda}_{max}$ at ∼530 nm. The absorption is significantly red-shifted from the solution of DSSQ (633 nm in chloroform), suggesting that the squaraine chromophores form aggregates in the LB film. The photogeneration of the squaraine aggregates is studied by measuring the photocurrents in photoelectrochemical cells consisting of the squaraine of the aggregates is found to parallel its absorption spectrum and quantum efficiency as high as 0.3% has been observed. While the photocurrent was attenuated exponentially when stearic acid layers (up to 8 layers) are inserted between the squaraine layer and the electrode, it is nearly extinguished when the squaraine layer is over-coated with 2 layers of stearic acid. A model for the observation is proposed and the roles of the electrolytes and oxygen on the photogeneration process will be discussed.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.185-197
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• 2004

To investigate the effect of the squalene against the lead toxicity and recovery of renal failure. Healthy male ICR mice were used for experiment. The activity of nitric oxide (NO) was observed after the intraperitoneal injection in mice. The ultrastructural changes of the kidney were observed after the intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate in mice. The experimental groups were divided into three groups. Group 1 was normal mouse. Group 2 was not treatment with squalene after intraperitoneal contamination of lead acetate (30 mg/kg). And, Group 3 was injected squalene (180 mg/kg) after intraperitoneal contamination of lead acetate. All groups were used to 10 mice. The results were as follow: In the case of the group 2, swelling of the outer membrane and destruction of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria, dripping of the ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum were happened at 24 hours and 48 hour. These were gradually reparied after 72 hours. In the case of the group 3, damages of the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were showed less than the group 2 at 24 hours. Especially, after 48 hours, these were almost same as the group 1. In the case of group 2, the level of NO was decreased. However, In the case of group 3, the level of NO was increased more than normal as well as repaired the decreased NO level by Pb (P<0.05). It was concluded that the squalene was the protective and recovery effects for the toxicity of the lead in the renal proximal tubules.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.spc1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1159-1170
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• 2020

In this study, to improve the stability of fermented squalene developed using microorganisms, Microsome-SQ20 was prepared, and its physical behavior, properties, and efficacy were studied. The appearance of Microsome-SQ20 was a transparent liquid, no smell, and had a specific smell. The color was a transparent liquid, and the specific gravity was 0.928 and the pH was 5.82 (20% solution), forming a nano-emulsion suitable for use in cosmetics. It was confirmed that the content of the main component of squalene was 20.05%, which was stably sealed. The particle size measured by 0.1% aqueous solution of Microsome-SQ20 was 134.8 nm to obtain a bluish emulsified phase. The antioxidant effects of F-SQ and MF-SQ by DPPH radicals were 80.72% and 81.5%, respectively, showing superior effects compared to L-ascorbic acid. The cell viability of squalene (SQ), fermented squalene (F-SQ) and microsome squalene (MF-SQ) was at 10 ppm, respectively, showing 121.2%, 150.3%, and 129.9% cell viability. It was found that SQ, F-SQ, and MF-SQ had an elastase inhibitory ability of 8.7%, 10.33% and 8.7% at 10 ppm, respectively. In addition, the inhibitory ability of MMP-1 was 1.55%, 41.44%, 31.79% at 10 ppm for SQ, F-SQ, and MF-SQ, respectively, indicating that F-SQ significantly reduced the MMP-1 expression.