• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.239-276
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• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

Stone has been used for various purposes, such as for building stones, megaliths, ornamental stones, hunting and grinding throughout history. The global stone production amounted to around 153 million tons in 2018 excluding quarry waste, up 0.8% on year. Of them, stone residues accounted for 71%. The worldwide stone trading decreased 1.5 million tons to 56.5 million tons in 2018. The average price of stone was 34.1 USD per square meter, down 2.5% from the previous year. It's down 7% when only considering trading between the world's top twelve exporters. But in the three leading countries, Italy, Greece and Brazil, the price saw a sharp increase. In 2018, stone imports and exports totaled 815 million square meters, raising over 20 billion USD of revenue. Imports were largely led by six countries: China, Italy, Turkey, India, Brazil, Spain and Portugal, from largest to smallest.) In terms of stone use per 1,000 population, it was 117 square meters in 2001, and it increased to 264 square meters in 2017 and 266 square meters in 2018. The volume more than doubled during the period, but it has been declining slightly in recent years. China, India, Saudi Arabia and Belgium were the only countries that the stone use per 1,000 population exceeded 1,000 square meters. The increase rate was steepest in China, India and the United States, from largest to smallest. The global stone production is likely to grow to 69.85 million tons by 2025, despite the global economic downturn.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.822-832
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• 2023

This study investigates the effectiveness of CA (controlled atmosphere) containers in maintaining the freshness of exported melons. The melons were harvested on June 5, 2023, in the Yeongam area of Jeollanam-do, Korea. The CA container was loaded with melon samples packed in an export box. The temperature inside the container was set at 4℃, while the gas composition was set at 5% oxygen, 12% carbon dioxide, and 83% nintrogen. Following two weeks of simulated transportation, quality analysis was conducted at 10℃. The melons were inoculated with spore suspensions, and the decay rate was determined to investigate the effect of the gas composition inside the CA container on suppressing the occurrence of Penicillium oxalicum in melons. The results were compared with a Reefer container set at the same temperature. The samples transported in the CA container exhibited lower weight loss. The melon pulp softening, respiration rate, and ethylene production were slower using the CA container. Moreover, the decay rate during the distribution period in the CA container was lower than in the Reefer container. In contrast, the firmness of melons transported in the Reefer container decreased significantly (from 9.03N to 5.18N) immediately after transportation. The soluble solid content (SSC) of melons transported in the Reefer container also decreased rapidly. The results suggested that the CA container is the optimal export container for maintaining the freshness of melons.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.274-290
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• 2019

This article links the change in regional manufacturing employment in Korea after the financial crisis to the geography of technological and trade shocks. We conceptualize the trade shock as the rapid growth in Korean imports from and exports to China and ASEAN countries. We then measure the exposure to technological shocks as the degree to which regions are specialized in routine tasks, which are susceptible to automation technologies. Results show that local labor markets specialized in routine tasks experience significant falls in manufacturing employment. Regions whose industrial structure exposes them to rising import competition experience sharp drop in manufacturing employment. We also found that export plays a major role in explaining the growth of regional manufacturing employment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.47-54
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• 2009

These clays, because of world economy recession, exports decreased rapidly and manufacturing industry growth fell into negative. Industrial power consumption has been reduced about 7[%] that forms 53[%] of total load demand in Korea. And also, daily load pattern has been changed in several ways because of power consumption decrease influenced by domestic demand recession and heating power load decreased by the rise in temperature. This research analyzes, by analyzing maximum load demand, average load demand, load pattern based on relative factor, and load sensitiveness in accordance with temperature, that maximum load demand is more sensitive to atmospheric temperature than GDP growth rate and average load demand tends to be reduced according to GDP growth rate. I suppose KPX could operate the network system economically and safely by forecasting load demand in winter and summer seasons based on the results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.476-482
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• 2001

The study was undertaken to determine the effect of the aqeuous extract of sea tangle, Laminaria japonicus, on the activites of glucokinase and hexokinase in the pancreas of diabetic mellitus mice which were induced by alloxan. After one week of alloxan injection, the levels of serum glucose and insulin secretion were dramatically increased, however, the insulin secretion was decreased with administration of sea tangle extract. Alloxan injection allowed the serum glucose level to increase and level was decreased by sea tangle extract administration. Furthermore, it was observed the sea tangle extract was effective in recovering the levels of insulin secretion. Enzyme activities of the glucokinase and hexokinase were decreased by alloxan treatment. In contrast, sea tangle extract administration to the mice allowed to increase proportionally. These results suggested that sea tangle extract is highly effective in treatment of diabetic mellitus induced by alloxan.

• Monthly Duck's Village
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• s.92
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• pp.50-59
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• 2011

2008년 급등하였던 국제곡물 가격은 209년 들어 하락하여 2010년 상반기까지 안정세를 보였으나, 기상악화로 인한 구소련 지역의 밀 생산 감소로 러시아가 수출 금지 조치를 취하면서 2010년 7월부터 밀 가격 급등을 시작으로 현재까지 강세를 보이고 있다. 옥수수 국제 가격 상승은 사료비 상승의 주된 요인으로 작용하여 축산 농가의 수익성을 악화시키고, 밀과 대두 국제 가격 상승은 이를 원료로 하는 가공품 가격 상승으로 이어져 소비자들의 부담으로 연계된다. 따라서 본고에서는 2008년의 애그플레이션 경험을 토대로 최근의 국제곡물 가격상승 원인과 2011년 상반기 국내 물가에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 시사점을 제시하였다. 최근의 국제곡물 가격 상승은 생산 감소, 수요 증가, 곡물 선물 투기 증가에서 기인하고 있다. 2010/11년도 세계 곡물 생산량은 전 세계적인 이상기후로 전년보다 2% 감소하고, 소비량은 2.4% 증가하여 곡물 기말재고율은 전년대비 3.1%p 하락할 것으로 예상된다. 향후 바이오연료 소비는 지속적으로 증가할 전망이며, 이에 따른 세계 곡물 수요 증가는 불가피해 보인다. 곡물 수급이 전년보다 좋지 않은 상황에서 곡물 선물에 대한 투기가 증가하고, 중국과 인도의 육류 소비 증가에 따른 곡물 소비 증가도 국제곡물 가격 상승의 주된 원인으로 작용하고 잇다. 2010년 하반기 국제곡물 가격을 적용하면, 2011년 상반기 국내 물가 상승은 불가피한 것으로 나타났다. 2011년 상반기 국제곡물 가격을 적용하면, 2011년 상반기 국내 물가 상승은 불가피한 것으로 나타났다. 2011년 상반기 배합사료는 2010년 6월 시세보다 11.5%, 제분 부문은 31.3%, 유지 및 식용유는 6.6%, 제당 부문은 30.0%의 물가 상승요인이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 전분 및 당류는 전년 6월대비 10.9%의 물가 상승요인이 있을 것으로 예상된다. 이와 같이 밀, 옥수수, 대두의 대부분을 수입에 의존하는 우리나라는 국제곡물 가격이 상승할 경우 국내물가 상승이 불가피한 실정이며, 국내 생산을 늘린다 하더라도 수요량을 충족하기에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 국제곡물 수급 및 가격을 상시 모니터링하여 향후 국제곡물 가격을 전망하는 관측시스템 개발을 통해 조기경보를 주고, 이에 따른 매뉴얼을 만들어 대응해야 할 것이다. 한편, 정부 차원에서는 세계 곡물 생산량 감소와 수요 증가로 곡물 공급에 차질이 생길 경우 수입선 다변화 등의 빠른 정책적 대응을 위해 주요 곡물 생산국과의 네트워킹을 강화시킬 필요가 있다.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.785-815
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• 2013

This paper analyzes the three issues related to the effect of environmental regulations on the Korean trades with gravity equation model: the effect on the Korean exports, the bilateral trade flows between the Korea and the trade partners, and the Korean international competitiveness. For all three issues we carried the empirical tests with fixed effect estimation methods for total industries, non-pollution industries, pollution industries, and also 16 individual pollution industries. We use industry panel data for the 120 largest trading countries with Korea for the years 2000-2010. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is used as the proxy variable for the environmental regulation. The empirical result shows that while GDPs of both Korea and its trading partners are very important factors affecting positively the Korean trades for all industries, the environmental regulation of the importing country would be a definite trade barrier to the Korean pollution industries, but not a definite one for the non-pollution industries. In addition, the stricter environmental regulations of Korea's trade partners would weaken the Korean international competitiveness of Korean pollution industries. In this regard, the Porter Hypothesis would have not appeared in the Korean trades of pollution industries during the period observed in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2015

In Korea, Strawberry bacterial angular leaf spot disease was first reported in 2010. The disease of strawberry caused serious problem for strawberry producers and export. To field test, we applied the bactericides in June and October as nursery stage and cultivation stage, respectively. In nursery stage with high temperature condition, Oxolinic acid (97.2%) showed significant control effect. In cultivation stage with low temperature condition is soil sterilization and soil non- sterilization the control effect. In cultivation stage in soil sterilization stage Validamycin (93.3%) showed reliable control effect against the disease. Also, soil non-sterilization stage with low control effect of Validamycin (80%) showed control effect the lower than a soil sterilization stage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.420-424
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• 2009

This experiment was executed to investigate the effect of the carpenter bee as a pollinator on the fruit set increment of sweet pepper in summer hydroponics in the alpine area of Gangwon province, Korea. Where the number of fruit sets were increasing during the treatment of pollination by the carpenter bee, total yields during the whole growing period were not different. The number of seeds per fruit in the treatment of the carpenter bee increased more than that in the control by 7.3 percent increment, but the percentage of blossom-end rot increased. As fruit weight range of SS size (below 120g) decreased and that of L size (from 181g to 210g) increased by the pollination treatment, so the percentage of standardized products for the export to Japan improved. Therefore this result was effective for the fruit production of high quality for the export to Japan and it will be necessary for further study on the method of reducing blossom-end rot to be done.