• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.282-291
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• 1995

We investigated HBV markers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 50 subjects with neurologic disorders or other disorders, who visited Dept. of neurology, college of medicine, Yeungnam University, from April-1 to August-31 1994 and were performed cerebrospinal fluid analysis to investigate the detection rate of HBV markers in cerebrospinal fluid and the possibility of neurologic disorders associated with HBV infection. The results were as follows. The positivity of HBsAg and HBV prevalence rate in serum were 6(12.0%) and 37(74.0%). The number of patient with HBsAg, only anti-HBV and no markers were 6(12.0%), 31(62.0%) and 13(26.0%), respectively. The positivity of HBsAg and HBV prevalence rate in cerebrospinal fluid were 3(6%) and 18(36.0%). The number of patient with HBsAg, only anti-HBV and no markers were 6(100.0%), 12(38.7%) and 0(0.0%) respectively. The number of patient with virus associated diseases(VAD) and non virus associated diseases(NVAD) were 26(52%) and 24(48%). The HBV prevalence rate in serum of VAD and NVAD groups were 88.5% and 58.3% (p<0.05). The HBV prevalence rate in CSF of VAD and NVAD groups were 53.8% and 16.7%(P<0.05). The HBV prevalence rate in serum and CSF of VAD and NVAD groups were 60.9% and 28.6%. Aa a conclusion, the HBV markers in the CSF were partially detected at the presence of the HBV markers in serum. The prevalance rate of HBV in the CSF was increased at the HBsAg positive in the serum and the serum and the CSF was significantly increased at the VAD group than the NVAD group.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.640-644
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• 2009

A new sprout-soybean cultivar, "Sohwang" was developed at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2008. "Sohwang" was selected from a cross between Pungsan and Pungsan/Nattosan. The preliminary, advanced, and regional yield trials to evaluate the performance of Iksan 58 were carried out from 2004 to 2008. This cultivar has a determinate growth habit with purple flower, grayish brown pubescence, yellow seed coat, Yellow hilum, lanceolate leaflet shape and small seed size (8.5 grams per 100 seeds). The maturity date of "Sohwang" is 10 days earlier than the check variety, "Pungsan". It has a good seed quality for soybean-sprout. The soybean-sprouts grown from "Sohwang" have high isoflavone ($3,041{\mu}g/g$)contents. This cultivar has resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and necrotic symptom (SMV-N), and other most troublesome soybean diseases which are bacterial pustule and black root rot. Especially, "Sohwang" has useful characteristics, such as lodging and shattering resistance. The average yield of "Sohwang" was 2.69 ton per hectare in the carried out for three years from 2006 to 2008 regional yield trials(RYT) for double cropping.

• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.205-209
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• 2018

Purpose: Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-related seizures by blocking NMDA ion channel receptors. Clinicians usually measure total serum magnesium levels instead of biologically active ionized magnesium levels. We compared the serum ionized magnesium ($iMg^{2+}$) level between epileptic children with and without a history of fever-triggered seizure (FTS). Methods: All epileptic children who visited the outpatient clinic or pediatric emergency department at Korea University Guro Hospital between January 2015 and July 2017 were included. Only epileptic children aged 1-8 years who were newly diagnosed within 2 years were included. Results: There were 12 children with FTS and 16 without FTS. Median serum $iMg^{2+}$ level was 0.93 (0.85-1.14, quartile) mEq/L. Serum $iMg^{2+}$ level was significantly lower in epileptic children with FTS (0.86 mEq/L) compared to those without FTS (1.10 mEq/L) (P=0.005). No difference was noted in clinical variables between the two groups. Lower serum $iMg^{2+}$ level significantly increased the risk of having FTS in epileptic children based on multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio [OR]=0.028). Conclusion: Serum $iMg^{2+}$ level was significantly lower in epileptic children with FTS than in those without FTS. Measurement of biologically active serum $iMg^{2+}$ level could be considered in epileptic children with recurrent FTS. A large-scale prospective study is warranted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.36
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• pp.165-196
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• 2011

With the increasing concerns of victimization of school violence, this paper is intended to present a pioneering study on the victims' conscientization which may result from their own experience of school violence by peers. The predominant concern of the study consists in: (1) the direct effects of individuals' perception toward violence in general, non-assertiveness, school violence experience by peers, and prosocial behavioral tendency on the individual conscientization of school violence problems; (2) the indirect effects of both individual prosocial behavioral tendency and perceptions toward violence through non-assertiveness on individual conscientization of school violence problems;(3) the sexual differences of the five latent variables(perceptions toward violence in general, non-assertiveness, prosocial behavioral tendency, school violence experience by peers, and conscientization of school violence problems; (4) the sexual differences of both direct and indirect correlates on conscientization of school violence problems. Research is based on a survey conducted with 526 adolescents (268 males and 258 females) from 16 middle schools located in different districts of the city of Pohang. In order to address the research questions, structural equation models on adolescents' conscientization of school violence are explored. A variety of tests are conducted (configural invariance, metric invariance and structural invariance, intercept invariance, critical ratio for difference test, multi-group analysis, latent mean analysis including Cohen's effect test). The major findings of the study support the significance of both direct effects and indirect effects of the four latent factors(perceptions of violence in general, non-assertiveness, prosocial behavioral tendency, school violence experience by peers). The individual prosocial behavioral tendency has a positive mediating effect on the enhancement of individual conscientization toward school violence problems. However, we fail to find the direct positive effect of individual violence experience on the conscientization of school violence problems. In conclusion, a range of practical implications for social workers and other related professionals who are engaged in helping out the adolescents with school violence by peers are suggested based on the study findings.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.5_1
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• pp.649-663
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• 2019

The 2018 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report announced that deforestation in North Korea is the most extreme situation and in terms of climate change, this deforestation is a global scale issue. To respond deforestation, various study and projects are conducted based on remote sensing, but access to public data in North Korea is limited, and objectivity is difficult to be guaranteed. In this study, the forest detection based on density estimation in statistic using Landsat imagery was conducted in Gangwon province which is the only administrative district divided into South and North. The forest spatial data of South Korea was used as data for the labeling of forest and Non-forest in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and a threshold (0.6658) for forest detection was set by Gaussian Probability Density Function (PDF) estimation by category. The results show that the forest area decreased until the 2000s in both Korea, but the area increased in 2010s. It is also confirmed that the reduction of forest area on the local scale is the same as the policy direction of urbanization and industrialization at that time. The Kappa value for validation was strong agreement (0.8) and moderate agreement (0.6), respectively. The detection based on the Gaussian PDF estimation is considered a method for complementing the statistical limitations of the existing detection method using satellite imagery. This study can be used as basic data for deforestation in North Korea and Based on the detection results, it is necessary to protect and restore forest resources.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2019

It is important to determine sowing date as it decisively affects the quality as well as quantity of waxy corn. In the central northern area of Korea, optimum sowing date of waxy corn is May and requires about 20-26 reproductive growth days from silking date to harvest. We determined adaptable sowing date of waxy corn varieties using growing degree days (GDDs), especially in the central northern area. Earlier sowing required many more emergence days owing to the low temperature. All waxy corn varieties required about 16~22 emergence days when sown in April. Otherwise, less than 15 emergence days were needed for sowing from May to August. Sowing dates to maximize ear yield of waxy corns were different depending on the eco-types of corn varieties as well as GDDs during the growth period. Early maturity type Mibaek2' showed the highest ear yield at the May $15^{th}$ sowing date. Middle maturity 'Iimichal' and late maturity 'Chalok4' showed the highest ear yield at the May $25^{th}$ and June $5^{th}$ sowing dates, respectively. GDDs of 26 days after silking was an index to determine the highest yield sowing date of 'Mibaek2'. The total GDDs from sowing to harvest and to silking were other indexes to determine the highest yield sowing date of 'Ilmichal' and 'Chalok4', respectively. Generally, it required about $2,400^{\circ}C$ GDDs from sowing date to maturity and at least 65 days of silking date from sowing to obtain about 1,200kg of ear yield of waxy corn in the central northern area of the Korean peninsula. The results of the study will be helpful for corn farmhouses to determine optimum sowing date of waxy corn in the central northern area of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.339-362
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• 2002

Pollen morphology of 13 species of Korean Euphorbia was re-examined by means of LM and SEM. Taxonomic evaluation of palynological characters and relationships among taxa were also discussed based on the analysis of polar length, equatorial diameter, aperture size and exine thickness. Korean Euphorbia species were classified into three groups based on the mean size of polar length (P) and equatorial diameter (E) as follows:Group 1. sect. Tulocarpa and Tithymalus of subgenus Esula; $(P){\times}(E)=(54.88-67.17{\mu}m){\times}(44.30-64.75{\mu}m)$, Group 2. sect. Esula and Helioscpiae of subgenus Esula; $(P){\times}(E)=(39.98-47.24{\mu}m){\times}(36.07-38.83{\mu}m)$, Group 3. sect. Chamaesyce and Hypericifoliae of subgenus Chamaesyce; $(P){\times}(E)=(30.32-32.51{\mu}m){\times}(21.71-26.23{\mu}m)$. Various features of surface sculpturing were also grouped into 8 types by the characteristics of perporation size and distance of perporations as well as connection state of it. Pollen size and surface sculpturing were comparatively available in the levels of subgenus and section. Especially subgenus Chamaesyce was distinctly different from subgenus Esula by having compactly distributed perporations on exine surface as well as its small size of pollen grains. Because of the great variations in pollen size and the occurrence of various types of surface sculpturing according to the local poulations of each species, it was evaluated that they were unsuitable in classifying each species of Euphorbia. But such cases, that is, E. hylonoma being more familiar with E. ebracteolata than E. Pallasii, and E. pekinensis and E. fauriei as well as E. pallasii being strongly related with each other based on the similarity of surface sculpturing, reflected its usefulness in the classification of some Euphorbia species.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1976.06a
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• pp.88.1-88
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• 1976

The authors have been performed a statistical survey for 228 cases with foreign bodies in the food and air passages who had visited the department of Otolaryngology, National Medical Center and removed endoscopically during the period of last 10 years from 1966 to 1975. The following results were obtained: 1. The total numbers of foreign bodies in the food and the air passages were 228 cases, and among of them 181 cases were foreign bodies in the food passage and 47 cases were foreign bodies in the air passage. The ratio between the food and the air passages was about 3.7 : 1. 2. The prevalent foreign bodies in the esophagus were coin, meat and food particles and bone in order of frequency. In air passage, bean and peanut were most prevalent foreign bodies and the next were metalic substances, fish bone in order of frequency. 3. In the age incidence, 65.4% of the esophageal foreign bodies and 67.6% of foreign bodies in the air passage were under 5 years of age especially coin, 92.9%. 4. In sex distribution, 99 cases were female, and the ratio between male and female was 1.3:1. There was no significant difference between male and female in the foreign bodies of the esophagus but the foreign bodies in the air passage were more prevalent in male as the ratio of 2.1:1. 5. The most prevalent site of lodgement in esophagus was first physiologic narrowing of the esophagus as the count of 83.8%. In foreign bodies of the air passage, bronchial foreign bodies were most frequent. And bronchial foreign bodies were more frequent in the right side as the ratio of 3.7:1. 6. In duration of lodgement, 56.0% of foreign bodies of the food passage were removed within 24 hours and almost of them were removed within 5 days. In foreign bodies in the air passage, only 32.4% were removed within 24 hours but 29.7% were removed within more than 1 week in the air passage. 7. Under the esophagoscope, granulation tissue were noted in the 5 cases of the foreign bodies in the esophagus due to foreign bodies. In foreign bodies of the air passage, complication were encountered in the 4 cases and also removed surgically and among of them, 2 patients were expired due to complications during post operative course.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.209-232
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• 2012

The purposes of this study is to calculate the gender-based Life Expectancy and Disability Free Life Expectancy of 65-year-olds in accordance with the regions of 16 in Korea based on the years 2005 and 2010 by using the Sullivan method. We used the Census in 2005, 2010, the Korea National Statistical Office(10% sample). We also reviewed examining the changes in LE and DFLE and understanding the relevance between the DFLE of 65-year-olds of the year 2010 and related factors. As a result of this study, it was shown that the LE of the group of all 65-year-old in Korea increased from 18.15 years in 2005 to 19.75 years in 2010 and DFLE increased from 11.41 years in 2005 to 11.64 years in 2010. Regionally, the highest LE for total of 65-year-olds was found to be the entire Jeju area and DFLE was the highest in the city of Seoul. And the highest LE and the highest DFLE for 65-year-old male were found to be in the city of Seoul. Regarding the regional LE of 65-year-old female, both in 2005 and 2010 Jeju area was seen to be the highest. The results of a correlation analysis showed that the DFLE of 65-year-olds in 2010 was found to be increasing with high LE and high population density and in regions with low average temperatures, low number of beds and low age standardized death rates of malignant neoplasms and circulatory disease.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.227-242
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• 2000

Site characteristics, vegetation structure and dynamics of Kalopanax septemlobus forests in Mt. Heungjeong, Mt. Balwang and Mt. Gariwang were studied to provide the information need for national resources conservation and restoration of K. septemlobus forest in Gangwon-do of Korea. The K. septemlobus forests were distributed at 780m to 1,300m in altitude, steep slope, ridges-slope areas with facing northeast to northwest in good nutrition area. The annual diameter growth of those trees ranged 1.60mm to 2.41mm. Forty-three plots(20$\times$20m) were set up at three natural population of Kalopanax septemlobus forest and TWINSPAN method was used for vegetation structure analysis. The result of TWINSPAN ordination show that geographical features played a role in determining community types in the study areas. Community type of the study areas classified into three groups by TWINSPAN; K. septemlobus-Quercux mongolica- Acer mono community(Mt. Balwang), K. septemlobus-Q. mongolica- Tilia amurensis community(Mt. Heungjeong), K. septemlobus-Betula costata-Q. mongolica community(Mt. Gariwang). In most of the K. septemlobus forests, major woody species appeared predominantly were Q. mongolica, T. amurensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba, A. mono, Magnolia sieboldii, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. And also, Those species were surveyed in all the areas. Species diversity(H') of investigated areas ranged 0.3124~0.13992 and this value relatively higher than that of other forests with similar site. The range of similarity indices between surveyed areas was 64.1~64.54%. The distribution pattern of Morista's index show that Kalopanax septemlobus distributed randomly in tree and concentrated a few sample plots in subtree layer and shurb layer. K. septemlobus occupied 37.1~58.8% of tree layer story, 8.4~17.6% of subtree layer, 0~0.38% of shurb layer each surveyed area. The association analysis showed that Kalopanax septemlobus positively associated with Betula ermani, Deutzia glabrata, Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus mandshurica and negatively associated with Symplocos chinensis var. pilosa, Styrax obassia, Acer mono, Euonymus macroptera, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. According to the diameter distribution of Kalopanax septemlobus community, the community of Mt. Gariwang will gradually decline and replaced by Quercus community. The communities of Mt. Heungjeong and Mt. Balwang has its seedlings and saplings, so it may be sustained.