• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2008

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been known to regulate many physiological and pathological processes, especially the glandular secretion and blood flow. However, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) responsible for NO synthesis has not been well studied ultrastructurally in rat salivary gland. The present study was performed to investigate the distribution of nitric Oxide synthase isoforms (endothelial. neuronal, and inducible NOS). Immunoelectron microscopic study, using monoclonal mouse anti-endothelial NOS, anti-neuronal NOS, and anti-inducible NOS, was performed in the salivary gland of rat. Endothelial NOS (eNOS)-positive immunoreactivities were most prominent in the secretory granules of serous cells of the salivary gland of the rat. Immunoreactivities were well concentrated on serous secretory granules in the serous cells. However, weak eNOS-positive immunoreactivity was observed in the mucous secretory granules of the mucous cells. Positive endothelial NOS (eNOS) immunoreactivities were most prominent in the secretory granules of intralobular ducts. Ductal secretory granules and acinar serous secretory granules have a similar pattern of labeling as eNOS suggestings. Neural NOS (nNOS)-positive immunoreactivity was not detected in duct systems or in acinar cells. Inducible NOS (iNOS)-positive immunoreactivity was not seen in acinar and ductal cells. These results reveal the presence of eNOS in the salivary gland of the rat, which may be related with regulation of the glandular secretion and blood flow through the gland.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2008

Purpose : Orbital cellulitis is rare, but it could be from the serious complication of sinusitis in children. It is often difficult to distinguish periorbital cellulitis from orbital cellulitis. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical features of orbital and periorbital cellulitis in a pediatric population and to assess the predisposing factors and their complications. Methods : Forty-one patients aged 18 years and younger who were admitted between January 2000 and December 2006 to Hanil General Hospital and Kyunghee University Hospital with orbital or periorbital cellulitis. The retrospective analyses included clinical characteristics of orbital and periorbital cellulitis, dermographics, past history, predisposing factors, clinical presentations, treatments, and complications. Results : Among 41 patients, 34 patients had periorbital cellulitis, 7 patients had orbital cellulitis. While paranasal sinus disease was the most common predisposing cause in orbital cases, skin lesion, insect bite, dacrocystitis and conjunctivitis were the common causes in periorbital cases. In comparison with periorbital cases, orbital cases had higher level of white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. Blood cultures were taken in 23 patients, but only one had Staphylococcus aureus from blood. Only one case had surgical incision and drainage and recovered without complications. Conclusion : From the results of our data, when patient shows erythematous swelling of periorbital area with opthalmoplegia, chemosis and proptosis, orbital CT scan is required to make diagnosis of orbital cellulitis. Most cases of orbital cellulitis can be treated successfully without surgical intervention. If there is no clinical improvement, repeated CT scan and/or surgical intervention should be considered.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2012

The study was undertaken to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of rapid Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) combo antigen kits from field samples of domestic (broiler and layer chicken, native chicken) and semi-domestic (duck, goose, pigeon and quail) birds of Bangladesh. Samples were collected from naturally infected AI suspected domestic and semi-domestic birds of five different outbreak areas in Bangladesh. From each area two birds were selected for sampling, and from each bird three types of samples (tracheal, cloacal and oro-nasal swabs) were collected. A total of 210 field samples from a total of 70 birds were collected and tested using AI and NDV combo antigen rapid diagnostic kits in the study. All three different samples from a bird showed similar pattern of reaction. Out of 210 samples, 15 samples (5 birds), 63 samples (21 birds) and 27 samples (9 birds) were positive for AIV, NDV and both for AIV and NDV, respectively; whereas the remaining birds were negative for either AIV or NDV in this screening test. Among the five AIV positive, a layer chicken from wet market in Mymensingh, Netrokona, Gibandha and Kurigram and a native chicken from wet market in Kurigram area was positive to AIV. The semi-domestic birds are either positive to NDV or free from both AIV and NDV. This study revealed that the AIV and NDV rapid diagnostic kits could be effectively use to diagnose the respective virus in trachea, oro-nasal and cloacal samples simultaneously. AIV-NDV combo Ag test result clearly indicates that the test kit designed for AIV and NDV could diagnose the disease rapidly with less effort and higher scientific know how which could be used for the detection of AIV and NDV using field samples in large scale.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that represents one of the most common and important infectious diseases of cats worldwide and it is responsible for more deaths among cats than any other infectious diseases. Prevalence data are necessary to define prophylactic, management and therapeutic measures for stray, feral and owned cats which are lacking in Bangladesh. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of FeLV infection in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh using RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ FeLV Ag Test Kit (RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ Inc., Republic of Korea), a rapid one-step immunochromatographic assay. Blood samples from total 130 cats (23 owned cats and 107 unowned cats) were collected and tested following the manufacturer's instruction. An overall prevalence of FeLV infection was 1.54% (2/130). Prevalence was found 1.79% (2/112) on Day 0-up to one year aged cats (young) but no positive case was found in above 1 year (Adult) aged group. In male and female cats, the prevalence was 1.72% (1/58) and 1.39% (1/72), respectively. In un-owned cats the prevalence was 1.87%. Positive cases to FeLV were found only in clinically sick cats. No significant relationship was found according to age, sex, ownership status and health status. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the prevalence of FeLV infection in Bangladesh using RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ FeLV test kits which is very much effective because it is easy to apply, less expensive and quick screening of such type of infection.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.339-345
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• 2013

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of central signaling molecules that respond to numerous stimuli and are known to participate in processes of cell survival and death. However, it is not clear on data for cell-type specific activation of MAPKs in the progression of gastric ulcer. In the present study, we assessed how MAPKs localized at various cell types during the progression of gastric ulcer induced by ibuprofen. Gastric ulcer was induced by the repeated treatment of 200 mg/kg ibuprofen with 8 hrs interval in a day. Animals were sacrificed at 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after oral treatment of ibuprofen and gastric tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunoblotting evaluation. Immunoreactivity of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was mainly expressed at the proliferating zone of gastric mucosa in control rats. But, these signals for p-ERK were highly shifted from cells of proliferating zone to parietal cells of the basal regions 24 hrs after treatment of ibuprofen. p-ERK signal was strongly expressed in epithelial cells adjacent to ulcer margin and new capillary and infiltrated inflammatory cells within granulation tissue of the ulcer base above 48 hrs after treatment of ibuprofen. While, phospho-c-Jun $NH_2$ terminal kinase (p-JNK) was mainly localized to the nuclei of the surface epithelial cells and the glandular epithelial cells in early gastric injury. Also, p-JNK was often observed as a scattered pattern in different regions of gastric mucosa with early gastric injury. Gradually, signal of p-JNK was strongly stained in infiltrated inflammatory cells and fibroblasts within severe ulcer base. Phospho-p38 (p-p38) MAPK was observed as scattered pattern within connective tissues of gastric mucosa. Especially, p-p38 MAPK showed strong signal in infiltrated macrophages within ulcer base. These results show that each MAPK has a specific role in various cell types during the progression of gastric ulcer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2002

The immunohistochemical localization of the nerve growth factor (NGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNIF) in the developing Mongolian gerbil forebrain was investigated by the immunohistochemical and electron microscopy methods. Generally, the NGF specifically recognizes the neurons, the GFAP does the glia, and the CNIF does the motor neurons. This study demonstrates the location of the NGF, GFAP and CNTF in the developing Mongolian gerbil from the embryonic days 17 (E17) to the postnatal weeks 3 (PNW 3). The NGF was localized at E19 in the olfactocy bulb and the cerebral cortex, expanded to the hippocampus, and the diagonal bond from the late prenatal period to PNW 3. GFAP was observed in the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle at E17, projected into the cerebral cortex at E19. The GFAP was observed to have the largest numbers in several parts of the forebrain at the postnatal days 2 (PND2), while the most numerous CNTF was observed at PNW 2. The CNTF-IR cells were observed only in the postnatal days and were found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex both neuron and neuroglia at PND3. Electron microscopy showed that the NGF, GFAP and CNTF were not related to any connections with any particular subcellular structure. These results suggest that NGF, GFAP and CNTF be related to the neuron and neuroglia at the prenatal and postnatal stages in the developing Mongolian gerbil.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 1995

The objective of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of physiologically pulsatile pattern of testosterone(T) on luteinizing hormone(LH) in wethers. To do this, 3 separate experiments were conducted. Infusion rates and patterns needed to produce normal T secretory profiles found in intact rams were established in Experiment 1, the time-course of the suppressive effect of T on circulating LH concentrations was determined in Experiment 2, and the effectiveness of a pulsatile versus a constant pattern of T to suppress LH secretion in wethers was compared in Experiment 3. In Experiment 1, three different doses(25, 50 or $100{\mu}g$) of T were injected intravenously to animals to do pharmacokinetic analysis of T. Elimination rate constant, volume of distribution, and total body clearance of T averaged $0.18min^{-1}$, 0.531/kg BW, and 0.091/min/ kg BW, respectively. In Experiment 2, three different doses(192,384, or $768{\mu}g/kg/24h$) of T were infused at 4h intervals for 3 days into animals to evaluate the time course of the inhibitory effect of T on mean LH concentration. As duration of T infusion increased, mean LH concentrations gradually reduced. Mean LH concentrations were significantly lower at day 2 or day 3 than at day 0. However, mean LH concentrations did not differ between day 0 and day 1 or between day 2 and day 3. In Experiment 3, animals were subjected to two different intravenous infusion regimens for 3 days: constant T($768{\mu}g/kg/24h$) and pulsatile(one pulse every 4h) T($768{\mu}g/kg24h$). Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for 4h both prior to infusion and during the last 4h of the infusion. Mean LH was more suppressed(p=0.045) by constant T than by pulsatile T. LH pulse amplitude was not affected by constant T or pulsatile T. LH interpulse interval was increased more(p=0.034) by constant T than pulsatile T.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.327-336
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• 1995

This study was carried out to develop the animal protein(feed for fry) that was isolated, purified and lyophilized the rumen ciliates from the healthy rumen contents which have $10^5-10^6/g$ ciliates and were discarded in abattoirs. The rumen ciliates are non-pathogenic, anaerobic and the weight of this protozoa is 2% of rumen content. The rumen protozoan and bacterial proteins both have a biological value for rats of 80-81, which is higher than the 72 of brewer's yeasts. Furthermore, the true digestibility and net protein utility of the protozoan protein are 91 and 73, much higher than those of bacterial(74 and 60) or yeast(84 and 60) proteins. The amino acids of rumen protozoa is nutritionally superior than the others. The size of rumen ciliates is $30-200{\times}20-110{\mu}m$ and so we had isolated and purified the rumen ciliates from the rumen contents by the physical methods. The purified rumen protozoa was lyophilized with freezing dryer. The results of this experiment were as follows : 1. Population dynamics of protozoan ciliates in slaughtered rumens; % of samples which small ciliates were predominated was 82.5%(52/63) and that of large ciliates was 17.5%(11/63). 1) predominant species of small ciliates were Entodinium ovinum and E nanellum. 2) predominant species of large ciliates were Epidinium ecaudatum and Diploplastron affine. 2. The lyophilized rumen ciliates which were isolated and purified from 1 kg of rumen content at the pH 6.2-6.8 was about 7.0 gram. 3. The nutrient analysis of lyophilized rqmen ciliates(LRC) was as follows: 1) Proximate analysis of the LRC and the composition of fry feed; moisture 8.05%(below 10.0), protein 35.37%(45), fat 5.39%(4.5), fiber 1.23%(below 2.5), ash 2.25%(below 15.0), Ca 0.26%(below 2.0), P 0.14%(below 1.1), energy 4,608.11(fish meal 5000 cal/g) 2) Amino acids (% in crude protein) of the LRC and the rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis); Arg 5.19%(4.50), His 2.50%(1.55), Ile 5.29%(3.45), Leu 8.11%(5.85), Lys 10.34%(6.15), Met 2.25% (0.85), Phe 5.66%(3.80), Thr 5.14% (3.45), Val 4.18%(3.90), Ala 4.13%(3.35), Asp 13.26%(8.25), Glu 16.62%(9.20), Gly 4.23%(3.10), Pro 3.25%(5.05), Ser 4.85%(3.85), Tyr 5.04%(3.05) 3) Fatty acids(% in fat) of the LRC and the rotifer(biological feed ; Brachionus plicatilis); myristic acid(C14:0) 3.27%(0.3), myristoleic acid(C14:1) 0.83%(-), palmitic acid(C16:0) 39.11% (23.5), palmitoleic acid(C16:1) 2.81%(2.0), stearic acid(C18:0) 9.36%(5.6), oleic acid(C18:1) 25.54%(3.5), linoleic acid(C18:2) 15.05%(32.9), linolenic acid(C18:3) 1.74%(9.8). Judging from the above investigated results, the analytical data of proximate analysis, amino acids, fatty acids of the purified and lyophilized rumen protozoa are reasonable for the feed of freshwater fishes(fry and fingerling). But it was disappointed of our expectation that the crude protein of lyophilized rumen ciliates contains low percentage, it was thought that because of the small ciliates(starch digester) in beef cattle rumens which were administered the concentrated feed, is much difficult to isolate and purify than the large ciliates(fiber digester).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.662-671
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• 2001

Background: This study was aimed to assess improvement in myocardial perfusion after TMR by measuring regional myocardial blood flow(RMBF) in porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Material and Method: Ameroid ring was placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery in fourteen pigs. After 4 weeks, the control group(7 pigs) underwent rethoracotomy only, and the TMR group(7 pigs) underwent Ho:YAG laser TMR at the circumflex territory. After another 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed for the measurement of RMBF using colored microspheres. The ratio of RMBF between the circumflex territory and the interventricular septum was calculated and compared. Result: At 4 weeks after ameroid constriction, RMBF of the circumflex territory decreased to 46∼89% of RMBF of the interventricular septum. In five of six animals in the TMR group, RMBF of the circumflex territory at 8 weeks after ameroid constriction was higher compared with RMBF at 4 weeks after ameroid constriction. However, the improvement was statistically significant only in two animals. In three of the four animals in the control group, RMBF of the circumflex territory also increased at 8 weeks compared with RMBF at 4 weeks. The degree of increase in RMBF was not different between the control and the TMR groups. Conclusion: In porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia, the degree of increase in RMBF of the ischemic area after Ho:YAG TMR was not different from the increase by development of native collateral circulation. Perfusion of ischemic myocardium after TMR is not thought to improve to the degree that can be demonstrated by currently available method of assessment such as radioisotope myocardial scintigraphy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.969-974
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• 2013

In this study, liquid calcium was used to develop a calcium-fortified soy sauce-based seasoning for meat and the quality characteristics of the seasoning and cooked meat were investigated. All seasonings with different amount of liquid calcium (0, 2, 4, or 8%) showed no significant changes in pH and titratable acidity at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days; however, the control seasoning and seasoning with 2% liquid calcium (Ca-2%) showed significant decreases in pH and increases in titratable acidity during storage at $20^{\circ}C$ for 9 days, compared to the seasoning with 4% (Ca-4%) and 8% (Ca-8%) liquid calcium. We also observed that during storage at $20^{\circ}C$, the numbers of total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast were significantly lower in Ca-4% and Ca-8% seasoning compared to the control or Ca-2%. The calcium contents in cooked meat seasoned with the control, Ca-2%, Ca-4%, or Ca-8% were 2.16, 33.47, 54.72, and 58.23 mg/100 g, respectively. Sensory evaluations demonstrated no significant differences in flavor, taste, juiciness, texture, and overall acceptability between the cooked meat samples. These results suggest that soy sauce seasoning supplemented with liquid calcium (2~8%) effectively increases the calcium content in cooked meat without adversely affecting its taste, flavor, and juiciness. Thus, this type of calcium-fortified seasoning may be helpful in combating the lack of calcium in modern diets.