• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.2 s.107
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• pp.248-254
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity in irrigation water on the growth, yield components, yield and grain quality of rice plant by the pot experiments. Irrigation waters were supplied with control and amended with NaCl at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 5,000, and 7,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ electrical conductivity. A randomized block design was used with four replicates for each treatment and control. As increasing salt concentration, plant height, tiller number, SPAD value, dry weight, content of N, P, and K, ripened grain ratio (%), 1,000 grain weight, and protein content (%) tended to decrease, especially, significant at 3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ of salt level. Grain yield decreased significantly at all treatments. The percentage of head rice slightly tended to increase as the salt concentration due to the decrease of green kernel. The percentage of green kernel was significantly lower at 3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ of salt level than the control.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 1997

Clinical observation was made on 226 cases of CVA that were confirmed through brain CT, MRI scan and clinical observation. They were hospitalized in the oriental medical hospital of Kyung-Won University from January to December in 1995. 1. The CVA cases were classified into the following kinds: cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), transient ischemic attack, and the greatest in number among them were the cases of cerebral infarction. 2. The frequency of strokes was much the same between male and female cases and most cases were over 50 of age. 3. In the case of cerebral infarction the place of the most frequent occurrences was in the MCA territory, and as for cerebral hemorrhage, in the basal ganglia area. 4. The most ordinary preceding disease was hypertension. The next was diabetes mellitus. 5. Generally it is thought that CVA occurs frequently in winter. But on the contrary this study of observation confirmed that it occurs mostly in spring and summer. 6. The predisposing factors of cerebral infarction were usually initiated during the time of resting and sleeping and those of cerebral hemorrhage chiefly during the time of exercising. 7. As concerns the course of hospitalization, most patients passed through vestern medical hospitals or oriental medical hospitals. 8. For the patients the condition of whose consciousness was bad at the time of admission. the prognosis in most cases was bad. 9. The common symptoms were motor disability and verbal disturbance. 10. With regard to cerebral infarction, the average time to start physical theraphy was 6.4 days and with cerebral hemorrhage 9.7 days after stroke. 11. The duration of hospitalization was in most cases more than one month. 12. The main complication was urinary tract infection. 13. At the time of admission to hospital, the blood pressure in most cases was high, but it well controlled at the time of discharge. 14. Most cases were given simultaneous treatment in both ways of western and oriental medicine.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.392-400
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to analyze environmental microbial contamination levels by sampling the surfaces of processing lines and equipment and to verify CCPs of the HACCP plan in a fresh-cut produce processing plant The level of airborne microorganisms in the processing plant was $10^1$ log CFU/plate/15min. Total plate counts and coliform groups of the processing facilities were 1~2 log CFU/100 $cm^2$. No E. coli or S. aureus were detected in the processing plant. However, total plate counts on the cutting board for raw materials and on the spin-dryer were $4.20{\pm}2.12$ log CFU/$cm^2$ and $4.57{\pm}0.92$ log CFU/$cm^2$, respectively. These levels were higher than the safe microbial level, and therefore, the chance of cross-contamination during processing was increased. According to the results of microbiological analyses, total aerobic bacteria and coliform groups of the samples were increased after the second washing and spin-drying steps, due to cross-contamination from the spin-dryer. Thus, an effective method that can be used for microbial control during the washing and drying steps is needed for microbial control in fresh-cut produce processing plants. The results of a verification study also suggest that modification of the HACCP plan is needed along with additional CPs, which were identified as a second washing, spin drying, and the cold storage of final products.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.528-533
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• 2009

In the current study, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated and propagated from the human umbilical cord blood (UCB) were tested for their capabilities of differentiation into chondrocytes in vitro. The mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) collected from UCB were cultured in a low glucose DMEM medium with 10% FBS, L-glutamine and antibiotics. The human MSC colonies were positively stained by PAS reaction. When the immunophenotypes of surface antigens on the MSCs were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, these cells expressed positively MSC-related antigens of CD 29, CD44, CD 90 and CD105, whereas they did not express antigens of CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD133 and HLA-DR. Following induction these MSCs into chondrocytes in the chondrogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks or more, the cells were stained positively with safranin O. We clearly confirmed that human MSCs were successfully differentiated into chondrocytes by RT-PCR and immunofluorescent stain of type-II collagen protein. These data also indicate that the isolation, proliferation and differentiation of the hUCB-derived MSCs in vitro can be used for elucidating the mechanisms involved in chondrogenesis. Moreover this differentiation technique can be applied to developing cell-based tissue regeneration or repair damaged tissues.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.382-388
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with pregnancy following 3 synchronization protocols in dairy cows. Data were collected on 1,952 cows from 22 dairy farms, including synchronization protocols ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ + estradiol benzoate [PG+EB], Ovsynch, and CIDR-ovsynch), cow parity, body condition score (BCS), and dates of previous calving, insemination and conception. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy were analyzed by logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure in SAS. The analysis revealed that farm (p = 0.005), cow parity (p = 0.0001), BCS (p < 0.005), and AI season (p < 0.05) significantly affected and calving to AI interval tended to affect (p < 0.1) the probability for pregnancy. Although synchronization protocols did not affect the probability for pregnancy (p > 0.05), cow parity and synchronization protocols showed a significant interaction (p < 0.005); the OR (0.60) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using PG+EB, whereas the OR (1.44) tended to be higher (p < 0.1) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using the Ovsynch, and the probability for pregnancy did not differ between multiparous and primiparous cows using the CIDR-ovsynch (p > 0.05). Cows with BCS ${\geq}$ 3.00 were more likely pregnant (OR: 1.41) compared with cows having BCS ${\leq}$ 2.75, whereas cows inseminated during summer had a lower OR (0.73) compared with those inseminated during spring. Cows with a calving to AI interval > 150 days were more likely to be pregnant (OR: 1.20) compared with cows with a calving to AI interval ${\leq}$ 150 days. In conclusion, the OR for pregnancy following synchronization protocols in dairy cows was affected by farm, parity, BCS, calving to AI interval of the cow, and AI season, and there was a significant interaction between cow parity and synchronization protocols; the OR for pregnancy was lower for multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows using the PG+EB protocol.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2005

This prospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of dexamethasone to prevent xylazine induced emesis in dogs. The antiemetic effect of graded, single high-dose intravenous dexamethasone against xylazine hydrochloride was studied. Clinically healthy mixed breed dogs that weighed $ 4.64\pm1.25kg$ were used in this study. Food and water were given 3 hours before the experiment. Venous blood specimens were collected from all experimental animals for hema-tological and blood chemical test pre- and post-experiment. Twenty-eight experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups; the group treated with 0.2ml/kg of normal saline (Control group), the groups treated with 1mg/kg (D1 group), 2mg/kg (D2 group) and 4 mg/kg of dexamethasone (D4 group). Three doses of the dexamethasone or normal saline was administered intravenousely to each group and after 5 minutes, xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly. The time until onset of the first emetic episode and rate of emesis were investigated. At the same time, the extent of sedation was scored subjectively 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after injection of xylazine hydrochloride using Visual Sedation Score. The time until onset of the first emetic episode was $203.25\pm11.35$ sec in Control group, $187.33\pm48.0l$ sec in D1 group and 218.33± 13.58 sec in D2 group. The rate of xylazine induced emesis were $57\%$ in Control group and $43\%$ in D1 and D2 group respectively. On the other hand, any emetic episodes were not observed in 04 group. At extent of sedation score, all experimental animals especially including the animals in D1 group were highly sedated at 15 minutes after administration of xylazine hydrochloride. Hematological and blood chemical values showed normal ranges pre- and post-experiment. We concluded that prior treatment with 4 mg/kg of dexamethasone hardly caused xylazine-induced emesis without disturbing the sedative effect of xylazine in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate cardiopulmonary depressant effects of enflurane (1.0 vol%) combined with propofol(0.25 mg/kg/min) compared with enflurane inhalation, and propofol infusion, respectively, in 18 healthy dogs premedicated with acepromazine and atropine. After bolus injection of propofol 5 mg/kg for induction and tracheal intubation, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: propofol 0.5 mg/kg/min infusion (Group I, n=6), enflurane 2.5 vol% (Group II, n=6) and enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min (Group III, n=6). Mean arterial Pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were depressed significantly in all groups, especially in Group II. MAP, SAP and DAP values of Group IIIwere higher than those of Group II, but lower than those of Group I. The changes of PaO$_2$, Pa$CO_2$and pHa were similar in all groups. Respiration rates were decreased in all groups 5 minutes after induction but maintained in normal range. Those of Group I were less depressant than those of Group II and Group III. Concentrations of $Na^+ and Cl^-$ were increased and those of $K^+$ were decreased in all groups, but their values were quitely similar. Heart rate was changed in small range and the value of Group I was higher than those of Group II and Group III. Body temperature was decreased significantly in all groups. Adverse effects like as muscle rigidity, nausea or vomiting and shivering were not appeared and apnea at induction was occured 6 dogs. From the these results, enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min also could be applied for anesthesia in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.330-339
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• 2008

Ceramide, cholesterol and free fatty acids are the major intercellular lipids, maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier. However, the roles of these lipids in canine skin barrier function are little known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repairing effects of 2% ceramide (CER), 2% cholesterol (CHO), 2% linoleic acid (LIN) and 2% intercellular lipid mixture (ILM) on damaged canine skin barrier by 1.25% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin pH and skin thickness were assessed. Histological profiles and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) profiles were assessed on day 12. SLS effectively induced the canine skin barrier damage. TEWL was significantly decreased by topical application of CER and ILM in SLS and vehicle-treated skin on day 8 and 12, respectively (p < 0.05, p < 0.0 I). By end of the experiment all lipids significantly decreased the TEWL as compared with SLS and vehicle control, but CER and ILM more significantly decreased the TEWL than UN and CHO, respectively (p < 0.01). Skin hydration was significantly increased by CER and ILM during experimental periods (p < 0.01). Skin pH was significantly decreased by CER, LIN and ILM. In histological profiles, the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC) was significantly increased by the SC lipids as compared with vehicle and SLS (p < 0.01). Especially, CER and ILM showed more prominent improvement of barrier recovery. In TEM of the SC, SLS induced exfoliations of corneodesmosomes in the SC, and CER and ILM effectively protected exfoliations of corneodesmosomes on SLS-damaged canine skin. These results indicated that topical application of CER and ILM dramatically improved damaged-skin barrier function by SLS. Also, it was considered that the use of CER or ILM was recommended for the management of skin barrier dysfunction by irritant and inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.377-383
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• 2012

Bovine diarrhea is a major economical burden to the bovine industry in Korea. Since multiple infectious agents can be involved in bovine diarrhea, differential diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Therefore, a panel of two multiplex real-time PCR assays which can simultaneously detect six major bovine enteric pathogens [i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), group A bovine rotavirus (BRV), Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli) $K99^+$, and Cryptosporidium parvum] was developed and applied to test 97 fecal samples collected from cattle farms in Korea. In addition, microscopic examination was also preformed on the samples to detect Coccidium oocyst. The estimated sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was 0.1 $TCID_{50}$ for BVDV, BCoV and group A BRV, 5 and 0.5 CFU for E. coli $K99^+$ and Salmonella, respectively, and 50 oocysts for Cryptosporidium. The amplification efficiency of the multiplex PCR ranged between 0.97 and 0.99 for each pathogen. Among 97 samples, 36 samples were positive for at least one of the 6 major pathogens and 6 samples were simultaneously positive for 2 pathogens by the multiplex PCR assay. Coccidium oocysts were also detected in 48 samples, which were all collected from over 1 month old calves. In conclusion, the multiplex real-time PCR panel can be a useful tool for fast and accurate diagnosis of calf diarrhea associated with BVDV, BCoV, group A BRV, E. coli $K99^+$, Salmonella, and/or Cryptosporidium and Coccidium may be an important target which needs to be included in the multiplex PCR panel in the future.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 2012

The goat industry has been developing for many years in Korea to meet demands for food and medicine. However, many complicated patterns of disease have arisen in goat farms as this industry has developed. In this study, disease occurrence patterns in Korean black goats were surveyed in six professional farming households in Imsil and Soonchang in the Jeonbuk province and in Hamyang and Sachon in the Gyeongnam province to understand and extend the goat disease database. We observed morbidity rates between 2.0% and 9.8% for adult goats and between 2.9% and 68.3% for kids. Kids showed a markedly higher incidence of disease when compared to adults. The rate of disease occurrence was 40.0% for floppy kid syndrome (FKS), 37.7% for diarrhea, 16.0% for respiratory disease, and 1.9% for skin disease. The observed mortality rates were 0.7% ~ 10.0%, and 2.2% ~ 24.9% for adult goats and kids, respectively. In addition, FKS, diarrhea, and respiratory disease were observed in 38.3%, 28.9%, and 10.0%, respectively, of dead goats. In conclusion, the majority of diseases in goats occur during the neonatal period, and FKS is the highest single cause of mortality in Korean black goats. Thus careful attention must be paid to kids to reduce the goat mortality rate.