• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.563-582
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• 2018

In ancient times, hairstyle varies according to tribes. Because it is a social product that depends on status, class, and gender within the tribes, research on the hairstyle is an important source for studying the culture of the tribes. The purpose of this study is to analyze hairstyle of the Scythians and to understand the culture of the Scythians. Furthermore, the purpose is to identify the ethnic group based on this research. And it is intended to use the results as a comprehensive resource for research on the origins of Korean ancient costumes. As a research method, literature study and artifact analysis were performed concurrently. Data for artifact analysis were taken directly from the Eremitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, where the researcher visited for this study. The conclusions of this study are as follows: Hairstyle of the Scythians were classified into three types: straight hair, braided hair, and tied hair depending on social status, age, and region. Straight hair was usually seen with kings, royalty, and warriors, and the hair length varied according to their status. Braid hair appears by a depiction of an old man and young Scythians. Tied hair was observed in the warrior. The beard was divided into chin-beard and mustache. Long chin-beards and mustaches were mostly observed in the ruling classes, while medium length chin-beards and short mustaches were considered the most common form of beard because they appeared in most classes. The young Scythians, regardless of their status, had no beard.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.504-508
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• 1983

To define the effects of synthetic auxins on rooting from the ginseng stern cutting and the root growth in diameter after the rooting of the cuttings, stern cuttings with palmate leaves obtained from seedlings and 2-year old ginseng plants were planted in rooting media treated with solutions of the synthetic auxins. All the roots induced from the cuttings were adventitious fibrous roots at first, but a few adventitious roots of the cutting were thickened in diameter to over 2 to 3mm at 120 days after cutting and the rest of them disappeared. IBA was the most effective auxin for rooting and root growth in diameter after rooting from the cuttings. The shape of the roots that thickened in diameter could be divided into two types. Both types of thickened roots were fully lignified at 120 days after cutting and those thickened roots did not dry up or die by July of the next year, however no rhyzomes or shoot primodia were induced from them.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1990

Nematodes and insects associated with dead trees were surveyed on the 238 dead trees belonging to 19 tree species in Pusan, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Chunnam, and Chonbuk provinces from April to September of 1989. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found only in Pusan but B. mucronatus was collected at Chinju and Chinhae. The 13 nematode species in 9 genera were identified. Out of them, Diplogasteroides dimidius, Rhabdontolaimus adephagus, R. janae, Mikoletzkya diluta, M. ruminis, M. langcaudaa, Parasitorhabditis hylurgi, Panagrolaimus concolor, Panagrodontus dentatus, Prothalonema intermedium, and marcrolaimus canadensis were recorded for the first time in Korea. Insects collected from dead trees were 5 orders, 9 families, 25 genera, and 27 species. of them, the Coleoptera were the most collected insects by the 3 families, 19 genera and 22 species. The Scolytidae were 12 species in 10 genera. Hypothenemus eruditus was firstly collected from Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza maximowizi, Forsythia ovata, Meliosma oldhami, Securinega suffruticosa, Broussonetia kazinoki, and Cornus walteri. The maximum number of pine wood nematode was separated from the abdomen of Monchamus alternatus, the pine woodnematode vector. The maximum number of nematodes per an adult of M. alternatus was 127,535, minimum 2,616, and average 42,817.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.300-304
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• 2013

Pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, has become the most serious threat to pine trees in Korea since 1988. Pine wood nematode is transferred to healthy trees by Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) during its maturation feeding and female oviposition. A typical control method against insect vectors in Korea is fumigation of the dead trees by using metam-sodium SL (25%). However, this method is not environment friendly because of the forest contamination by chemical application and destroying landscape by plastic cover. Portable Bark Remover (PBR) was invented to reduce these environmental problems. The vectors oviposit under the bark of the newly dead trees only. Debarking infested trees prevents the vectors from laying eggs and eventually, they can not complete their life cycle. The PBR is a modified debarking device that is attached on the top of the electrical chain saw, which allows ease and rapid debarking of the infested trees. The new method by PBR is expected to be more economic and effective than other conventional methods such as "crushing", "burning" and "fumigation".

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2009

Histological study of normal and albinic catfish Silurus asotus produced in aquaculture has been carried out on organs such as the eye, the barbel, the dorsal fin, and the skin (including dorsal, ventral and lateral regions). Although individuals have no differences in morphological appearance, their colors showed clear difference as follows: the normal catfishes were black overall, but the albinic ones have a yellowish-white color over the whole body, red eyes and white barbels. All the organs investigated were fundamentally very similar in structure. Regarding the distribution and density of the melanin pigments, however, the albinic catfish have no melanin in the skin and eye, particularly in the basement membrane of the epidermis and the pigment epithelial layer in the retina, while the normal catfish have lots of melanin. This phenomenon may coincide with the so-called $i^1/i^1$ type of oculocutaneous albinism.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.205-220
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• 2007

In the 17th century, men's hair style showed a dramatical change to thick hair style with femineity. During the 17th century, men wore their hair longer than at any other time in the history of western culture. Men's hairs in the early 17th century were defined as short hair style influenced by ruff collar of renaissance and thick beards and moustaches During the mid 17th century, shoulder-length hair style was predominant over all classes. As hair style became long, beards and moustaches gradually declined in favour: from 1625, small neat beards, and moustaches turned up at the ends, got progressively smaller, and by 1650 the beard was only small tuft on the chin, disappearing completely by 1680. In the late 17th century, very long, thick and shiny hair got a great popularity with the gorgeous and decorative baroque costume dominated over the entire Europe. The habit of adding false hair when natural hair was deficient led to the introduction of the periwig, which became an essential part of a fashionable man's attire. Wiggery were widely used to express curled and puffed hairs more exaggerated. As the long hair style with wiggery became popular, various style of beard and moustache got smallar so that they were ended up in entire disappearance in the end of the 17th century.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.3 s.86
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• pp.407-410
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• 1998

The aphid-attacking fungus Pandora neoaphidis was collected during May and June, 1998 at various localities: two localities at Kyunggi, three at Kangwon, one at Kyungbuk and one at Chungnam Provinces. Occurrence of this fungus has never been recorded in Korea. The potential host aphids are Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi, Sitobion avenae, Aphis rumicis, Dactynotus species and unknown species. Microscopic characters of the fungus are described and illustrated. Pandora neoaphidis studied in this study has an extremely broad range in conidial size and shape even within a single specimen. Such variable size and shape are typical characters of the fungus. During microscopic examination of specimens, the resting-spore phase was not observed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.394-402
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the bat (Chiroptera) fauna in Jeju Island. Bat distribution was monitored in lava tubes, sea caves, cave encampments and eco-corridors from July, 2006 to June, 2015. Bat specimens were also confirmed at the museums in Jeju Island. From the present study, we found 8 species of 6 genera belong to 3 families, which was different from the records had previously described in Jeju Island since 1928. Five species (Rhinolophus ferrumequium, Myotis bombinus, M. formosus, M. macrodactylus and Miniopterus schreibersi) were commonly found to live in lava tubes and cave enforcements. But only R. ferrumequium was found in a sea cave and five species including Murina leucogaster and Pipistrellus abramus were found in eco-corridors. We have also found seven species including Tadarida insignis in the specimens stored in local museums. From the results of this study, we actually could not found the remaining seven species (Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus fuscus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis ikonnikovi, Myotis branditii, Myotis petax and Pipistrellus endoi). Interestingly, Myotis formosus which is known as one of endangered species and Myotis bombinus which is very rare in Korean Peninsula were currently found in Jeju Island. In addition, Tube-nosed bat (Murina leucogaster) that was discovered for the first time through this study. A variety of habitats for Chiroptera were identified, but the information is still not sufficient to understand. These results will be useful to provide a fundamental data in preserving the diversity of bats and in ecological study in Jeju Island.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2008

The susceptibility of five stink bugs species collected soybean fields in Milyang in 2006 to seven insecticides was evaluated using electric auto-sprayer. The insecticide deltamethirn had the lowest median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of 0.4 to 2.3 ppm regardless of stink bugs species while phenthoate had the highest concentration for one-banded stink bug (Piezodorus hybneri), green stink bug (Nezara antennata), sloe bug (Dolycoris baccarum), and brown marmorated stink bug, (Halyomorpha halys); and fenthion for bean bug (Riptortus clavatus). The average $LC_{50}$ for stink bugs to seven insecticides was lowest at 7.5 ppm for R. clavatus, followed by 16.6 ppm for H. halys, 17.6 ppm for D. baccarum, 19.1 ppm for N. antennata, and 28.4 ppm for P. hybneri. The relative tolerance ratio (TR), which is the TR of 90 percent lethal concentration ($LC_{90}$) of stink bugs to the recommended concentration, was the lowest in fipronil for R. clavatus, P. hybneri and D. baccarum; fenitrothion for N. antennata; and fenthion for H. halys. The relative average TR was lowest at 0.09 for R. clavatus, followed by 0.26 for D. baccarum, 0.30 for N. antennata, 0.37 for P. hybneri, and 0.39 for H. halys. Therefore, insecticides susceptibility was highest for R. clavatus and lowest for P. hybneri while the relative average TR was lowest for R. clavatus and highest for H. halys. Accordingly, it is expected that stink bugs can be effectively controlled with by spraying insecticides in soybean field because the relative average TR value of stink bugs was below 1.0, indicating high susceptibility of stink bugs to insecticides.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.258-272
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• 2014

Bats hibernating in caves and unused mines were surveyed during six hibernation periods (from December to February, 2005 and 2011) in Korea. We recorded 13,288 individuals of 11 species at 140 hibernacula (60 caves and 80 abandoned mines): Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (n=3,509), Eptesicus serotinus (n=6), Hypsugo alaschanicus (n=349), Miniopterus fuliginosus (n=5,919), Murina hilgendorfi (n=417), Myotis aurascens (n=294), Myotis bombinus (n=2), Myotis formosus (n=401), Myotis macrodactylus (M.mac, n=151), Myotis petax (n=2,131) and Plecotus ognevi (n=109). We studied the thermal preference and selection of hibernacula of seven dominant bat species. Four species (Myotis petax, Hypsugo alaschanicus, Plecotus ognevi and Murina hilgendorfi) hibernated mainly at the cold site below than $7^{\circ}C$, while three species (Myotis formosus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Miniopterus fuliginosus) hibernated at warm site above than $7^{\circ}C$. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum had broad-ranged temperature zone for their hibernating site. The mean body temperature of each species was $2.64{\pm}0.98^{\circ}C$ for Murina hilgendorfi, $2.76{\pm}1.68^{\circ}C$ for Hypsugo alaschanicus, $2.78{\pm}0.98^{\circ}C$ for Plecotus ognevi, $4.52{\pm}1.02^{\circ}C$ for Myotis petax, $7.83{\pm}1.94^{\circ}C$ for Miniopterus fuliginosus, $9.19{\pm}2.35^{\circ}C$ for Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and $13.64{\pm}0.76^{\circ}C$ for Myotis formosus, respectively. The body temperatures of hibernating bats were closely related to the rock surface temperatures rather than the ambient temperatures. In conclusion, the diversity of bats community in hibernacula were closely related to the range of inner ambient temperature of hibernacula, and more species of bats were occupied at sites presenting a broad range of ambient temperatures.