• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2011

We investigated the quality characteristics of cookies prepared after addition of various concentrations of used coffee grounds (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%, all w/w) as a substitute for flour. As coffee grounds concentration rose, decrease in the pH of cookie dough was evident. In terms the water-holding capacity of dough, cookies prepared 3% (w/w) coffee grounds yielded the highest value. With an increase in coffee grounds concentration, the color a value rose, but the L and b values fell. The gelatinization temperature became higher, but both peak viscosity and 15 min-height values declined. The spread and loss ratios decreased but the leavening rate rose significantly with elevation of coffee grounds concentration. The hardness of cookies rose but slightly, as coffee grounds concentration rose. Upon sensory evaluation of all of appearance, flavor, and overall preference, cookies prepared with addition of used coffee grounds were superior to those without grounds, whereas those prepared using 1%-3%(w/w) coffee grounds showed the highest overall acceptability. Thus cookies made using coffee grounds can be economically competitive. In addition, the ingredients of coffee powder and used coffee grounds were shown to be very similar, except that coffee grounds contain 15-fold less caffeine than dose coffee powder. As health concerns are popular today, the use of coffee grounds to manufacture processed food may be acceptable.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.19-29
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• 1994

A large volume of paper mill sludge(PMS) is produced every day from paper industries after treatments of waste water and it costs too much to dispose of the sludge. Since PMS consists mostly of biodegradable organic matter, cellulose, it is desirable to recycle it by proper treatments such as composting. In this study, experiments were conducted using a small scale reactor(12l) to establish optimum conditions for efficient composting of PMS of which initial pH, C/N ratio, and moisture content were 7.1, 28~30, and 60~65%, respectively. No heavy metals such as mercury, cadmimum, and lead were not detected in the PMS. Various levels of forced aeration, 1 minute aeration per every 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 minutes were applied and 1 minute aeration per 60 and 120 minutes found to be proper for composting of 8l PMS in this system. Relationship between $CO_2$ production and temperatures was positively correlated with r> 0.82 suggesting that the normal decomposition of PMS by microorganisms occurred. However, under the condition of aeration interval over than 240 minutes, a negative relationship between two parameters was found indicating the occurrence of abnormal(maybe anaerobic) degradation. The amount of added nitrogen also affected composting of PMS resulting in the increase of $CO_2$ production and temperature. Semi-field tests using 100kg PMS in a static pile sysem showed that PMS could be composted efficiently under optimal environmental conditions. The parameters determining efficiency of composting such as C/N ratio, aeration, moisture content, and pH need to be monitored.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2015

This study was prepared by varying the type of barley sikhye to promote the use of barley. to learn the quality characteristics of traditional beverage sikhye, sikhyes were made out of different kinds of barley such as amethyst barley, black naked barley, tetrastichum barley, tetrastichum waxy barley, naked barley and naked waxy barley. The result of the study is as following. Regarding the length/width ratio of barley grain, black naked barley was the biggest; while amethyst barley was the smallest. Moisture content of barley grain was in the range of 54.96~71.74%. The saccharification liquid pH was in the range of 5.40~5.63 and the soluble solid content was in the range of 15.37~18.73 brix %. The saccharification liquid of sikhye made of tetrastichum waxy barley had the highest soluble solid content; while the saccharification liquid of sikhye made of black naked barley had the lowest soluble solid content. Reducing sugar was in the range of 4.35~7.42 mg/ 100 g; at which tetrastichum waxy barley sikhye had the highest reducing sugar while black naked barley sikhye had the lowest reducing sugar. The result of reducing sugar was similar to the result of soluble solid content. Black naked barley had low Lightness, redness and yellowness in its cooked rice grain and saccharification liquid. The result of barley sikhye characteristics was as following. Black naked barley had the strongest fullness while tetrastichum waxy barley had the weakest fullness. Black naked barley had strong feeling after swallowing the barley rice grain; while tetrastichum waxy barley had weak feeling after swallowing the barley rice grain. The result of feeling after swallowing the barley rice grain had correlation with fullness. The result of preference test was as following. naked waxy barley sikhye and naked barley sikhye had best outlook. In the smell, amethyst barley sikhye was the best. regarding texture, naked barley sikhye and naked waxy barley sikhye had high preference. In overall preference, naked barley sikhye was the best. Like above, there were differences in quality in sikhyes dependent on the variety of barley. In particular, tetrastichum waxy barley and naked barley will be able to increase the amount of sweetness without malt production during sikhye.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.250-258
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding systems on feed intake, weight gain, and fawn performance (Cervus canadensis) and estimation of grazing intensity in Elk doe at pasture. A sixteen Elk doe about 236.2 kg were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments. The treatment consisted of a barn feeding system (BF) and grazing at pasture (GR), and pasture was mainly composed of tall fescue, orchard grass, and Kentucky bluegrass. The moisture content of pasture was 19.51~22.61%, which was similar during experimental periods. The crude protein content was significantly higher from June to July (p<0.05). The contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber ranged 53.65~60.18%, and 26.08~29.10%, respectively. There were no significant differences between feeding systems on supplementary feed intake, but the roughage and total dry matter intake showed significant differences between treatment groups (p<0.05), except for May. In August, roughage intake was dramatically decreased in the GR group due to summer environmental changes. On the other hand, the higher intake of roughage in September might be related to nutrient intake for mammals. There was no difference in body weight between treatment groups, but the fawn performance was significantly higher in the GR group (p<0.05). These results might be suggested that grazing elk doe might positively affect fawn growth. However, it is considered that BF might increase the deer weaning rate during the parturition period, since the lower weaning rate in the GR group compared to the BF group. The grazing intensity of Elk doe was increased from May to July and decreased in August, which was influenced by pasture productivity. The average grazing intensity of Elk doe was found to be 15 heads/ha, which might be controlled by supplementary feeding. Further studies needed that mixed sowing methods and fertilization management in old grazing pastures for improved pasture productivity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2016

This study investigated the effect of different relative humidity (RH) regimes on graft healing of grafted seedlings of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.). Two watermelon cultivars ('Speed' and 'Sambok Honey') were grafted onto the 'RS-Dongjanggun' bottle gourd rootstock (Lagenaria siceraria Stanld.) and the grafted seedlings were maintained under one of three relative humidity regimes, 95-96% [1.1-0.8 (day) or $0.8-0.6(night)\;g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ vapor pressure deficit (VPD)], 97-98% [ 0.7-0.4 (day) or $0.5-0.3(night)\;g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ (VPD)], or 99-100% [0.3-0.0 (day) or $0.2-0.0(night)\;g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ (VPD)] according to the Mollier diagram based on the air temperature of $25^{\circ}C\;day/18^{\circ}C\;night$ with 16 h photoperiod per day. Among the RH treatments, 97-98% significantly increased plant height and fresh weight of the rootstock and scion of the 'Speed' and it also enhanced the graft union connection of both cultivars after two days of grafting. However, plant height and thickness of the scion of 'Sambok Honey' was increased by the 99-100% RH treatment. Furthermore, both cultivars grown in the 95-96 and 97-98% RH treatments consisted of lower levels of endogenous $H_2O_2$ and less activities of antioxidant enzymes which illustrated the occurrence of less oxidative stress. Hence, the results of this study identified the optimal RH level for the graft healing of watermelon seedlings.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2021

During the growing period, the integrated solar radiation inside the greenhouse was 12.7MJ·m^-2d^-1, and which was 90% of the average daily global radiation outside the greenhouse, 14.1MJ·m^-2d^-1. The 24-hour average temperature inside the greenhouse from July to August, which has the highest temperature of the year, was 3.04℃ lower than the outside temperature, and 4.07℃ lower after the rainy season. Before the operation of fog cooling system, the average daily RH (%) was lowered to a minimum of 40% (20% for daytime), making it inappropriate for paprika cultivation, but after the operation of fog system, the daily RH during the daytime increased to 70 to 85%. The average humidity deficit increased to a maximum of 12.7g/m³ before fog supply, but decreased to 3.7g/m³ between July and August after fog supply, and increased again after October. The daytime residual CO₂ concentration inside the greenhouse was 707 ppm on average during the whole growing period. The marketable yield of paprika harvested from July 27th to November 23rd, 2020 was higher in 'DSP-7054' and 'Allrounder' with 14,255kg/10a and 14,161kg/10a, respectively, followed by 'K-Gloria orange', 'Volante' and 'Nagono'. There were significant differences between paprika cultivars in fruit length, fruit diameter, soluble solids (°Brix), and flash thickness (mm) of paprika produced in summer season at large single-span plastic greenhouse. The soluble solids content was higher in the orange cultivars 'DSP-7054' and 'Naarangi' and the flesh thickness was higher in the yellow and orange cultivars, with 'K-Gloria orange' and 'Allrounder' being the thickest. The marketable yield of paprika, which was treated with cooling and heating treatments in the root zone, increased by 16.1% in the entire cultivars compared to the untreated ones, increased by 16.5% in 'Nagano', 10.3% in the 'Allrounder', 20.2% in the 'Naarangi', and 17.3% in 'Raon red'.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 2000

The nitrogenous compounds in the muscle extracts of cultured and wild olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous, were analyzed. The analyzed coumpounds were extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, ATP and its related ompounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds. The distribution pattern of these compounds in cultured and wild fish was found to be very similar. Although the ATP and its related compounds and creatine in the muscle of cultured fish were slightly abundant than those in the muscle of wild one, the extractive nitrogen, total free amino acid, oligopeptides, and TMAO were found to be slightly rich in the muscle of wild fish than those in the muscle of cultrued one. The moisture content of cultured fish was relatively lower but the protein and fat contents of cultured one were higher than those of wild fish. However the differences in the proximate composition, extractive nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds between two fishes were not significantly different.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 2012

For the investigation of a possibility as a useful functional material, 6 cultivars (Takinosawa Gold, Kawanakawase Hakuto, Madoka, Yumefuji, Nagasawa Hakuho, Hong Bak) of Prunus persica L. Batsch were studied at unripe stage to determine the physicochemical properties and chemical compositions. The cultivars were picked in late May, and all samples were analyzed for external properties, physicochemical properties, pH, Brix value, Hunter's color value, hardness, vitamin C, and reducing sugar. The size of the fruit from all six cultivars was compared, and it was determined that cultivars, fruit from Madoka was the largest, while that from Yumefuji was the smallest. Comparing fresh weight, the fruit from Yumefuji was lowest in moisture contents (89.13~89.96%), and that from Nagasawa Hakuho had significantly higher crude protein (1.02~1.62%). The contents of crude lipids (0.18~0.23%) and carbohydrates (8.00~9.35%) were not significantly different between cultivars and Madoka included higher crude ash contents (0.32~0.69%) than other cultivars. The pH of 6 cultivars from unripe peaches were significantly higher from Kawanakawase Hakuto, and the Brix value was also highest from Kawanakawase Hakuto, followed by Yumefuji, Madoka, Nagasawa Hakuho, Takinosawa Gold, and Hong Bak. In chromaticity, the L value, the indicator of brightness, was significantly higher in fruit from Nagasawa Hakuho. The a value, the indicator of redness, was the highest with Hong Bak and overall lower than -5. The b value, the indicator of yellowness, was the highest in fruit from Madoka and ranged from 16.51 to 18.33. In physical characteristics, the hardness of the unripe peaches was the highest in fruit from Hong Bak, and overall, white peaches have a higher hardness value than yellow peaches. The vitamin C content of the fruit didn't show any significant differences between cultivars, and the reducing sugar showed a higher percent than 6.34% in fruit from all cultivars. These results suggest that unripe peaches were commensurate with the development of natural pigment and as a functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1484-1491
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• 2015

The new cultivar Lentinula edodes, which is named 'Lentinula edodes GNA01', was bred by mating strains isolated from 'L26' and 'Kyoungwon9015' obtained from Sammyungjin Research Institute, Fujian, China. L. edodes GNA01 does not have stipes like L. edodes, although it generally has a similar spherical shape. Moisture and crude protein contents of L. edodes GNA01 were lower than those of L. edodes. Meanwhile, L. edodes GNA01 contained higher levels of crude ash, crude lipid, crude fiber, and carbohydrates than L. edodes. The ${\beta}$-carotene content ($19.05{\mu}g/100g$) of L. edodes GNA01 was about three times higher than that of L. edodes. In addition, vitamin D content ($118.53{\mu}g/100g$) of L. edodes GNA01 was more than twice that of L. edodes. L. edodes GNA01 was a good source of mineral elements, with K and Mg contents of 2,277.50 mg/100 g and 203.15 mg/100 g, respectively. The major fatty acids of L. edodes GNA01 were C16:0 and C18:2, and L. edodes GNA01 had the highest linoleic acid (C18:2) content of 1,087.66 mg/100 g. Total phenol content of L. edodes GNA01 was 12.52 mg GAE/g, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of L. edodes GNA01 were lower than those of L. edodes at all concentrations. However, DPPH radical scavenging activities and FRAP values of L. edodes GNA01 were above 80% and 0.9 at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of floor type and heating system on performance, housing environment and health status of ducks reared in three types of duck house (OD : Open floor house-Direct heating system, OF : Open floor house-Floor heating system and LD : Loft type house-Direct heating system). In OF treatment, PVC pipes were installed for heating under concrete floor and covered with litter. In LD treatment, plastic mesh was installed 50 cm above the floor so that duck's droppings can pass through it. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 birds (Cherry Valley duck breed) per pen. There were no significant differences in weight gain and feed intake of ducks for 6 weeks among all treatments. However, feed conversion ratio in LD was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in OF. No differences were found in carcass charac- teristics, with the exception of abdominal fat weight where OF were higher than the others. Concentrations of $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ gas in OD were higher than those of OF and LD at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Moisture content in litter of OF was lower than that of OD. In contrast, the amount of dust in the air was higher in OF than in OD. The amount of fuel used for 6 weeks in LD was lower about 21% than that in OD. Some of unusual symptoms were observed in open floor house and loft type house, such as lying, spraddle legged, twisted ankle and legs, wounded sole, or etc. No components of leukocyte and erythrocyte of blood were significantly different among all treatments. The results of this experiment showed that OF and LD systems had no positive effects on performance of meat type commercial duck. However, there were some positive effects of certain house type for the improvement of environmental condition in duck house for hygienic production. In the future, more research on the effect of various facilities and systems for duck house is needed.