• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.505-516
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• 2000

Chloral hydrate is one of the most widely used sedative agents to control the difficult-to-treat young age group in the dental clinic. We are often frustrated to see the patient still awake and cry with agitation even after far more than the normal onset time of Chloral hydrate. In such a case, the patient has to be rescheduled for another sedation visit with different agents and/or routes which greatly disappoints the guardians. This study was designed to test the efficacy of one sedative regimen that can possibly help the clinician complete scheduled treatment without postponement. We have tried sleep induction with mixed gas of Enflurane(2vol%) and $N_2O(50%)-O_2(50%)$ for $60\sim120$ seconds to 35 patients of those who failed to respond properly to the dose(70mg/kg)of oral Chloral hydrate. The Result of this regimen was compare to those of two oral regimen of Chloral hydrate/Hydroxyzine and Chloral hydrate only Analyses of result on vital signs and behavior pattern were performed. The outcome of the study suggest that sleep induction by a short inhalation of low dose of $Enflurane/N_2O-O_2$ provide dentist with suitable condition for the completion of scheduled treatment in the patient who failed to oral Chloral hydrate. Evidence of adverse effect was not detected or reported during and/or after the procedures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.715-723
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• 2000

Background : Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) affects systemic blood pressure and cardiac function. The development of cardiovascular dysfunction including the changes of systemic blood pressure and cardiac rhythm, suggests that recurrent hypoxia and arousals from sleep may increase a sympathetic nervous system activity. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has been found to be an effective treatment of OSAS. However, only a few studies have investigated the cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of CPAP therapy. We evaluated influences of nasal CPAP therapy on the cardiovascular system and the sympathetic activity in patients with OSAS. Methods : Thirteen patients with OSAS underwent CPAP therapy and were monitored using polysomnography, blood pressure, heart rate, presence of arrhythmia and the concentration of plasma catecholamines, before and with CPAP therapy. Results: The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was significant1y decreased (p<0.01) and the lowest arterial oxygen saturation level was elevated significantly after applying CPAP (p<0.01). Systolic blood pressure tended to decrease after CPAP but without statistical significance. Heart rates during sleep were not significantly different after CPAP. However, the frequency and number of types of arrhythmia decreased and sinus bradytachyarrhythmia disappeared after CPAP. Although there was no significant difference in the level of plasma epinephrine concentration, plasma norepinephrine concentration significantly decreased after CPAP (p<0.05). Conclusion : CPAP therapy decreased the apnea-hypopnea index, hypoxic episodes and plasma norepinephrine concentration. In addition, it decreased the incidence of arrhythmia and tended to decrease the systemic blood pressure. These results indicate that CPAP may play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with OSAS.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2012

하천 제방의 안정성을 평가하기 위해서는 홍수시 제방 주변의 흐름특성을 분석하는 것이 필요하다. 일반적으로 홍수시 유속은 측정된 홍수량을 이용한 단면평균유속을 이용하여 평가를 하고 있기 때문에 제방 주변의 흐름특성을 정확하게 분석하는데 한계가 있다. 이를 개선하기 위해서는 홍수시 제방 주변의 유속을 측정하여야 하는데 접근이 어렵고 위험하기 때문에 봉부자 또는 유속계를 이용한 유속측정이 어려운 실정이다. 이와 같은 경우 제방 주변의 영상 분석을 이용한 표면영상유속계의 활용이 좋은 대안이 될 수 있다. 표면영상유속계의 경우 원거리에서도 줌을 이용하여 영상을 획득할 수 있고, 측정 시간이 짧기 때문에 제방 주변의 유속을 간편하게 측정 가능하다. 하지만 표면영상유속계(SIV)는 영상좌표와 물리좌표 사이의 좌표 변환을 필요로 한다. 종전까지는 일반적으로 8-변수 좌표 변환법이 널리 이용되었으나, 이 방법은 최소한 4점 이상의 참조점이 필요하기 때문에 수면위에 참조점을 설치해야 하는 어려움이 있다. 또한, 내삽을 하는 방법이기 때문에 참조점 내부의 점에 대해서는 비교적 정확한 변환이 가능하지만, 참조점 외부의 좌표들에 대해서는 부정확한 변환이 되는 단점이 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 카메라 모형을 이용하여, 새로운 좌표 변환식을 유도하였다. 이 영상좌표 변환식은 참조점을 이용하지 않으며, 수면과 카메라간의 연직 거리와 카메라의 기울어진 각도만을 이용하여 좌표 변환이 가능한 방법이다. 참조점을 필요로 하지 않기 때문에 측량의 번거로움이 없으며, 변환식내에서 내삽을 하지 않기 때문에 영상 전체에 대해 고른 좌표 변환이 가능한 장점을 지니고 있다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of narrowing/obstruction and to measure the regional severity of narrowing through the evaluation of dynamic changes in upper-airway of healthy subjects. The selected 9 subjects were proved not to have any sleep-related disorder such as snoring or obstructive sleep apnea through clinical examination, radiological examination, sleep study with a portable recording system. Afterward, the Electron Beam Tomography was performed during the waking and sleeping state of subjects, with their mandible in resting and protruded position. Intravenous injection of Dormicum$^{(R)}$ was used for the induction of sleep. The maximum and minimum cross-sectional areas at each airway level during tidal ventilation were measured and the Collapsibility Index for each level of cross-section was also computed. In a comparison with results under variable conditions, the result was showed that the significant difference between each airway level divided with upper, middle, lower region of upper airway is not observed in the average minimum cross-sectional areas and Collapsibility Index. The significant difference only between in wake and sleep state was observed in the average minimum cross-sectional area at the lower region. Also, in wake state, the significant difference between resting and protrusive position of mandible for the average minimum was also observed in cross-sectional area at middle region. In sleep state, no significant difference between resting and protrusive position of mandible was observed in cross-sectional area and the Collapsibility Index.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.116-121
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence and related mechanisms that have yet to be clearly demonstrated of Lithospermum erythrorhizon derived-naphthoquinone (shikonin) on the anxiety, insomnia, depression in rats. We hypothesized that naphthoquinone, the primary ingredient of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, plays a role in the modulation of insomnia evoked by stress, depression evoked by forced swimming or anxiety evoked by elevated plus maze. Male ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were used and the immobility or swimming time, the duration of sleep, the duration and entry frequency into open arms were measured and recorded. The administration of naphthoquinone (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) potentiated barbiturate-induced sleep suggesting the activation of GABAA receptor. It also potentiated the time spent in open arms of the maze and decreased the immobility time in forced swimming. In conclusion, naphthoquinone has anxiolytic, hypnotic and anti-depressant properties and is a potential therapeutic for anxiety, insomnia and depression.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2016

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in dark conditions. It plays a major role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin synthesis is known to be suppressed by environmental light. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is a major indicator of physiological alterations due to stressful stimuli. It also displays a circadian rhythm, like melatonin. The highest levels are encountered during early morning and the lowest levels are observed at around midnight. In the present study, the effects of milking time on the melatonin and cortisol concentrations of raw milk and milk powder at the summer and winter solstices were examined. The melatonin concentration in milk increased significantly if cows were milked in the dark at night (p<0.05). The melatonin concentration in milk powder showed the same pattern with respect to the milking time (p<0.05). However, no significant difference in the cortisol concentration was observed between day- and night-time milk. Although the time of day did not affect the level of milk cortisol, seasonal factors affected the release of cortisol in milk (p<0.05). In conclusion, night-time milk is rich in endogenous melatonin. In this respect, it has potential applications for the development of melatonin rich-dairy products, which serve as natural sources of melatonin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2016

In the present study, we examined whether or not an herbal mixture extract (HME) has attenuation effects on immobilization stress and sleep disturbance in rats. Immobilization stress was induced by restricting movement using a constraint box for 2 h, and sleep disturbance was induced by exposure to 300 lx of constant light for 24 h and injection of caffeine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were orally treated with distilled water (vehicle) or HME for 3 weeks at different doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg/d (HME I, II, and III, respectively). In the immobilization model, HME III treatment significantly decreased adrenal gland weight, whereas HME II and III treatment reduced plasma levels of cortisol. HME II and III also reduced the level of IL-6. In the sleep disturbance model, HME II and III meaningfully reduced the plasma level of cortisol, and the increased plasma level of melatonin. HME III significantly increased body weight. HME reduced immobilization stress and ameliorated disturbance in rats. These findings suggest that HME may have beneficial potential for attenuation of sleep disturbance and stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.601-610
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• 2022

P. tenebrifer (PT) belongs to the Diptera order and Stratiomyidae family. Recently, insect industry have been focused as food, animal feed and environmental advantages. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and melatonin have been associated with regulating sleep and depression. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and is synthesized via biotransformation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to GABA by lactic acid bacteria. In this study, we first used a GABA-enhanced PT extract, wherein GABA was enhanced by feeding MSG to PT. The underlying mechanisms preventing stress and insomnia were investigated in a corticosterone (CORT)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-exposed mouse model, as well as in pentobarbital (45 mg/kg)-induced sleep behaviors in mice. In the present study, the GABA peak was detected in high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) analysis and showed in Ptecticus tenebrifer water extract (PTW) but not in non-PTW extract. The results showed that PTW and Ptecticus tenebrifer with 70% ethanol extract (PTE) exerted neuroprotective effects by protecting against CORT-induced downregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) expression. In addition, PTW (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced CORT levels in CRS-exposed mice. Furthermore, PTW (100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep duration in pentobarbital (45 mg/kg)-induced sleeping behaviors, which was related to serum melatonin levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that PTW exerts anti-stress and sleep-enhancing effects by regulating serum CORT and melatonin levels.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.171-180
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• 2023

The three major sleep disorders in Korea are snoring, sleep apnea, and insomnia. Lack of sleep is the root of all diseases. Some of the most serious potential problems associated with sleep deprivation are cardiovascular problems, cognitive impairment, obesity, diabetes, colitis, prostate cancer, etc. To solve these problems, the Korean government provided low-cost national health insurance benefits for polysomnography tests in July 2018. However, insomnia patients still have problems getting treated in terms of time, space, and economic perspectives. Therefore, it would be better for insomnia patients to be allowed to test at home. The measuring device can measure six biosignals (eye movement, tossing and turning, body temperature, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and audio). A gyroscope sensor (MPU9250, InvenSense, USA) was used for eye movement, tossing, and turning. The input range of the sensor was in 258°/sec to 460°/sec, and the data range was in the input range. Body temperature, oxygen saturation range, and heart rate were measured by a sensor (MAX30102, Analog Devices, USA). The body temperature was measured in 30 ℃ to 45 ℃, and the oxygen saturation range was 0% for the unused state and 20 % to 90 % for the used state. The heart rate measurement range was in 40 bpm to 180 bpm. The measurement of audio signal was performed by an audio sensor (AMM2742-T-R, PUIaudio, USA). The was -42 dB ±1 dB frequency range was 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The measured data was successfully received in wireless network conditions. The system configuration was consisted of a PC and a mobile app for bio-signal measurement and data collection. The measured data was collected by mobile phones and desktops. The data collected can be used as preliminary data to determine the stage of sleep and perform the screening function for sleep induction and sleep disturbances. In the future, this convenient sleep measurement device could be beneficial for treating insomnia.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.107-111
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• 2015

Humans must restore tired bodies and minds during sleep. Sleep as much as eating a meal many people looking for a hospital can not sleep, but a matter of course. The smart phone is loaded in the most recent studies it has been conducted to provide a service to the patient or medical personnel U-healthcare in the field of smart phone-based medical applications as with a variety of sensors, including an acceleration sensor. In this paper, the aim of providing an Android-based applications to use a variety of sensors incorporated in the popularity of smart phones to induce normal water flow to recognize the user's action.