• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2000

The difference (bias) between self-efficacy and chemistry problem-solving ability was investigated for 96 (male: 48, female: 48) high school students. A self-efficacy instrument was administered, which asked the confidence in solving algorithmic and conceptual problems successfully. Their chemistry problem-solving ability was then assessed with 10 algorithmic and 10 conceptual problems as same in the self-efficacy instrument. Although students had higher scores in the algorithmic problems, no significant difference was found in the self-efficacy to solve the two different forms of problems. Therefore, the bias scores in the conceptual problems were higher than those in the algorithmic problems. Two-way ANOVA results for the bias in the algorithmic problems revealed a significant interaction between gender and the previous achievement level. Analysis of simple effects indicated that the bias scores of high-achieving boys were significantly higher than those of high-achieving girls. While most high-achieving boys were in the overconfident category, high-achieving girls were more likely to be in the underconfident category.

• School Mathematics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2011

This study investigated the Chinese national university entrance examination (Gaokao) in mathematics administered in 2009 and 2010 to draw out some implications on the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) in mathematics of Korea. To evaluate the attainments of basic mathematical skills and multilateral abilities required for further studies in university, the Gaokao mathematics is set in two forms(Art/Science), based on the Chinese national mathematics curriculum. The types of items in the Gaokao mathematics are multiple-choice, single-answer, and write-out-answer. The mathematical abilities that the Gaokao mathematics evaluates are mathematical reasoning, operation, geometrical imagination, application, and creativity. As a result, some implications on the Korean CSAT are drawn out in terms of the level of difficulty, the types of items, the arrangements, and the scores of items.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.407-421
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to identify the item characteristics that are supposed to affect item difficulty and to estimate the regression equations for predicting item difficulty of mathematics in the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT). We selected six variables related to item characteristics based on learning theories: contents, cognitive domain, novelty, item type, number of concepts, and the amount of computation. With data of the CSAT mathematics test administered in 2004-2006, item difficulty was regressed on the six variables, the location of an item, and the item writer's judgment on difficulty. The novelty of an item was found to be a statistically insignificant variable in explaining item difficulty. Four regression equations with different sets of independent variables could explain $70%{\sim}80%$ of the item difficulty variance and were validated as predicting item difficulty of the mock CSAT in 2006.

• School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.547-565
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• 2009

This study presents the examination system, contents, and types of items in mathematics in the examination subjects at a nationwide level that are applied to examination materials for college entrance through analyzing such system, contents, and types of problems. Based on the results of this analysis, this study draws certain issues on the contents that are to be included in large-scale national examinations used for materials for college entrance, types of items which are able to appropriately present such content, and specific issues on the examination system in order to effectively perform the examination through proper configurations in all these issues. Thus, this study will provide some basis to determine the examination system in mathematics for the College Scholastic Ability Test according to future educational curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.378-387
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed the causes of decrease in the number of students taking Chemistry ? in the College Scholastics Ability Test (CSAT) by analyzing the adequacy of the Chemistry I question in the CSAT and the recognition survey of students and teachers about the Chemistry I choice. We analyzed some questions in Chemistry I of the CSAT from the year 2014 to 2016. The questions were analyzed to determine whether they were appropriate to the curriculum content, achievement standard, and achievement level. The target of the survey for perception was 452 senior high school students and 68 science teachers. The result of the study showed that the questions in Chemistry I are somewhat difficult compared to the depth and achievement level required by the curriculum, and it also requires mathematical thinking ability. Students recognized the mathematical thinking and complex mathematical skills are needed to solve problems in Chemistry I. Teachers also thought that the choice of Chemistry I is unfavorable in aspect of meeting the minimum academic ability standard, and accordingly, they did not actively recommend students to take Chemistry I. Moreover, most of the teachers recognized that it is necessary to improve the direction of writing questions for Chemistry I. Therefore, setting questions that can be solved using chemical knowledge, not mathematical ability need to be addressed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.936-937
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 LLM(Large Language Model) 모델의 fine-tuning 을 통한, 기초 수리 서술형 문항 풀이용 모델 및 Dall-E2 등 이미지 생성형 모델을 활용한 따른 영어 퀴즈풀이용 이미지 생성형 모델을 생성하여, 한국어 기반 LLM 자체 모델 학습 및 교육용 이미지 생성에 대한 방법을 고찰하였다.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.847-863
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• 2008

This study aimed to measure the health literacy among Korean elderly living in the community, and to explore the factors influencing health literacy of the elderly. A descriptive correlational research design was used. The sample consisted of 411 elders who were conveniently selected from the community welfare center users in Seoul and Gyeong-gi province. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews by trained interviewers between January, 7 and February, 4, in 2008. Health literacy was measured by Korean Health Literacy Scale developed by Lee(2008). Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test, and multiple regression were used to analyse the data. In result, the mean score of health literacy was 17.46(${\pm}5.73$) with a range of 0 to 25, 42.8% of elderly had limited health literacy problems. Multiple regression showed that 26.5% of variance in health literacy was accounted for by the combination of education, age, living arrangement, and income. In conclusion, various strategies to improve health literacy in elderly population in the areas of health education and disease management should be needed to reduce health disparities among elderly.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine particular variables that play a significant role in the difficulty of math test items in College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). The study also aimed to develop a model of measuring the item difficulty. Variables correlated to item difficulty were drawn from the review of the related literature and the analysis of the content and difficulty of the past test items of CSAT. The first instrument was designed by using the correlated variables. According to the results of correlation analysis, the second instrument was made by deleting the variables which showed relatively low correlation with item difficulty and by refining some variables. Several models were proposed by using the revised instrument. The comparison of the R square and cross validity of each model reveals that integrated regression model was the most stable and accurate among the proposed models. The study also showed that statistically significant predictors were choice format, content domain, behavior domain, and the degree of item familiarity in the order of proportion of variance accounted by the predictors. Despite the limited scope of the present research, it can be suggested that its findings provide useful insights into predicting math test item difficulty.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.471-485
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• 2007

This study is performed to find out what type instructions are produced to players by coaches and what effects are resulted in cooperative spirit of the concerned group. Furthermore the study has its aims at advancing instructors' skills by using finding of it. The study used 'SPSS 11.0 FOR WINDOW - Statistical Package' to analyze the collected samples and dealt with data of 174 individuals. Statistical analysis of the research for hypothesis verification was about frequency, trust level, mutual relationship, variables, and T-verification. The meaningful level for any result was ranged within 95%(p< .05), 99%(p<.01). The finding are as follows. Effects on pleasure, one of elements of team spirits taken by instructor's training style are analyzed as follows. It was proved to be meaningful in relation with a series of activities like training, democratic, social, compensatory aspects and showed also considerable relation with power based behaviors. That says, players are found to enjoy high pleasure when social and bureaucratic behaviors of instructors are very energetic. In addition to that, training, democratic, and compensatory activities didn't show any meaningful effect. Team spirit was found to play a main role between instructor's behaviors and training, democratic, social rewarding activities. Democratic and social acts influence on team spirit. Looking into the detailed aspects, team spirit was resulted very high in the individuals with low democratic mind and was shown high group spirit by groups with high sociable activities. Teamworks was found to be affected by relation between instructor's acts and training, democratic, social and compensatory aspects and it showed meaningful relations with training, social, bureaucratic behaviors. Low degree of training and bureaucratic activities are found to prefer for power team spirit, and high social activities led a strong teamworks. Group binding spirit was influenced by training, democratic, social compensatory, bureaucratic behaviors and it showed to give effects on democratic, social, and bureaucratic activities of instructors. Low degree of democratic and bureaucratic behaviors are found to produce strong team spirit. In contrast with that, strong social activities was found to be motive of powerful team spirit. Value of team spirit was found to play a main role between instructor's behaviors and training, democratic, social, rewarding activities. It didn't show any meaningful effect on behavior of instructors.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.40-45
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 현장 작업자 개인이 느끼는 심리/환경적 부하를 정량적으로 파악할 수 있는 척도를 개발하였다. 이러한 척도는 현장의 중간관리자들이 간단한 기구와 직접 관찰을 통해 쉽게 사용할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 심리적 작업부하 측정은 기존 연구와 현장 작업자를 대상으로 한 인터뷰 결과를 바탕으로, 타당도가 높다고 인정되는 심리부하 측정 요소를 결정하였고, 문헌과 모의 검사를 통하여 부 담감이나 편의(bias)를 줄일 수 있도록 문항수 및 어휘를 선택하였으며, 각각의 설문은 다양한 문체 중 가장 신뢰도가 높은 형태를 선정하였다. 환경적 작업부하 측정은 문헌 조사를 통하여 측정을 위한 요소를 결덩하였고, KS 규격을 기존으로 새로운 환경부하 측정 지침서를 개발하였고, 현장 예비조사가 실시되었다. 또한, 환경부하 측정결과를 지수화하기 위한 수리적 모델과, 심리적척도와의 통합을 위 한 수리적 방법론이 제시되었다. 이러한 설문 문항과 환경조사방법은 작업장을 대상으로 적용하여 실 제로 그 효용성 여부를 검토하였다. 연구 결과 이제까지 소홀히 여겨왔던 작업자의 심리적/환경적 부 하를 정량적으로 간편하게 측정할 수 있는 방법이 개발되었고, 정량화한 심리/환경 부하 척도는 이제 까지 주로 조사되었던 생체역학적/생리적 부담도와 더불어 종합적인 작업부하 평가에 일익을 담당할 것으로 예상된다. 또한, 이러한 척도에 의한 결과는 현장 근로자들의 근로여건 개선을 위하여 노/사/ 정부 모두가 만족할 수 있는 객관적 자료로 사용될 수 있으며, 예방차원의 안전관리에도 응용될 수 있 을 것으로 기대한다.구로 신체의 종합적인 만족도, 선호를 취급하고 있을 뿐 신체각 부위의 만족 도나 선호에 관한 자세한 고찰을 하고 있지 않으며 자신의 신체에 대한 인식도 및 실제체형과의 비교는 이루어지고 있지 않다. 이에, 신체 각 부위에 대한 인식도 및 실제 신체 측정치와 만족도와의 관계 및 이상형에 대해 구체적으로 파악할 필요가 있다. 또한, 신체에 대한 이상형은 시대의 여러 여건에 따라서 변화할 수 있으므로 의복 착용자가 의복을 통해서 표현하고자 하는 이상형의 시대적 변화를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 신체에 대한 인식도 및 만족도, 이상형에 대한 설문지 조사와 신체측정을 통하여 신체 크기에대한 만족도를 객관적인 척도로 고찰하고, 이상형과 실제 체형에 관하여 고찰하고자 한다. 도한, 1992년도 자료와의 비교를 통하여 시대에 따른 신체만족도와 이상형의 변화를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 기초로 한 의복원형 제작 및 의복 디자인에 대한 연구를 통해 의복의 맞음새가 좋을뿐만 아니라 의복착용자들 에게 심리적 만족을 줄 수 있는 의복 제작에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.적입지로 분석되었다.등 다양한 모형들을 고려해 본 뒤, 적절한 모형을 적용할 것이다. 가로망 설계 모형에서 신호제어를 고려하기 위해서는 주어진 가로망에 대한 통행 배정과정에서 고려되는 통행시간을 링크통행시간과 교차로 지체시간을 동시에 고려해야 하는데, 이러한 문제의 해결을 위해서 최근 활발히 논의되고 있는 교차로에서의 신호제어에 대응하는 통행배정 모형을 도입하여 고려하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 지금까지 연구되어온 Global