• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.781-787
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• 2004

The variation of channel bed which shows the complex hydraulic characteristics at channel junction was investigated by variation of discharge ratio and location of pier. As discharge ratio increase, the depth and width of erosion region become bigger to point of 63% of channel width in case of 1:0.5 discharge ratio. It was observed that the maximum scour depth at the point of 0.5 times of the channel width in the channel junction as 2.5 times bigger than straight channel. It means that the maximum scour depth at the channel junction is 2 times greater than by experimental formulas which are widely used in practical engineering, location of pier should be determined when it is installed in channel junction.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.678-682
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• 2009

하천의 합류부에서는 홍수시 침수피해가 빈번하게 발생 하거나 하안침식, 강턱붕괴, 하천의 장갑화 등의 악영향이 발생하는데, 이러한 현상의 원인 규명을 위해 본류와 지류의 유량비에 의해 혹은 지류의 유입각에 의해 다양한 흐름 특성을 가정하고 개수로 장치를 이용하거나 수치모형 실험을 통하여 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미시시피 대학 연구기관인 NCCHE(Natioanl Center for Computational Hydroscience an Engineering)에서 개발한 CCHE2D 2차원 수치모형을 이용하여, 개수로 합류부에서 흐름 및 하상변동 특성을 분석하였다. 수치모의 결과는 "Experiments on Flow at a $90^{\circ}$ Open-Channel Junction", Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, May 2001, Vol. 127, No. 5, 340-350.에 기재되었던 논문의 실내실험 결과와 비교분석하였으며, 유속의 분포는 $0.01{\sim}1.0$ m정도로 개수로 관측치와 비교적 유사하게 모의 되었다. 또한 하상 변동 모의 결과 Biron 등(1996)이 제안한 합류부에서 6구역의 흐름 정의도와 대체적으로 유사하게 모의 되었으며, 최대 유속 구간에서 $-0.2m{\sim}0.03m$의 침식이 발생하고, 정체 구간과 분리구간에서 $0.01{\sim}0.02m$의 퇴적이 발생하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 하천의 물리적 특성을 파악하고 하천공사나 수리구조물 설계의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.340-340
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• 2015

기상이변에 따른 강우강도의 증가는 국지성 집중호우로 나타나게 되고, 이러한 강우양상은 하천에서의 홍수위 증가로 나타나 여러 가지 하천재해가 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 대하천으로 유입되는 지류 합류부에서의 수리학적 특성을 살펴보기 위한 사전 연구로 비교적 규모가 큰 지류하천에 대한 부정류 모의를 수행할 수 있는 홍수추적모형을 구축하였다. 대상 하천은 지류 내 하도가 루프의 형태를 띠고 있는 밀양강을 대상으로 선정하였다. 낙동강의 제1지류인 밀양강에서 낙동강 합류부로부터 30.74 km 상류에 위치한 밀양강의 상동수위관측소를 상류단으로 선정하고 낙동강과 합류하는 밀양강 하류단을 대상구간으로 선정하였다. 상류 경계단인 상동수위관측소에서 측정된 수위자료는 유량자료로 환산하여 상류단 경계조건으로 사용하였으며, 하류단 경계조건은 낙동강 본류의 수산교 수위관측소와 삼랑진 수위관측소에서 측정된 수위자료를 밀양강 합류부까지의 거리 보정을 통해 밀양강 하류단의 수위자료로 사용하였다. 그림 1은 밀양강의 상동수위관측소에서부터 낙동강 합류부까지 구간에 대한 모식도를 나타내고 있으며, 그림 2는 밀양1 지점에 대한 모의결과를 나타내고 있다. 단장천 유입 이후 밀양강 본류가 두 개의 루프형으로 분류되었다가 다시 합류하는 하도의 형태를 가지고 있어 보다 복잡한 검증과정이 요구되었다. 본 연구에서 구축된 밀양강에 대한 수리학적 해석모형은 지류 합류부에서의 배수영향에 의한 수리특성을 분석하는데 활용될 것이다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.561-572
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• 2014

The backwater effect at a tributary junction increases the risk of flood damage such as inundation and levee overflow. In particular, the rapid increase in water level may cause injury to persons. The purpose of this research is the development of the real-time flood forecasting technique as a part of the non-structural flood damage reduction measures. To this end, the factors causing a water level rising at a junction were examined, and the empirical formula for predicting flood level at a junction was developed using the calculated discharge and water level data from the well-constructed hydraulic model. The water level predictions show that average absolute error is about 0.2~0.3m with the maximum error of 1.0m and peak time can be captured prior to 0~5 hr. From the results of this study, the real-time flood forecasting system of a tributary junction can be easily constructed, and this system is expected to be utilized for reduction of flood inundation damage.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.553-566
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• 2021

River confluence is often characterized by shear layer and the associated strong mixing. In natural rivers, the main channel and its tributary can be separated by the shear layer using contrasting colors. The shear layer can be easily observed using aerial images from satellite or unmanned aerial vehicles. This study proposes a low-cost identification method extracting geographic features of the shear layer using RGB aerial image. The method consists of three stages. At first, in order to identify the shear layer, it performs image segmentation using a Gaussian mixture model and extracts the water bodies of the main channel and tributary. Next, the self-organizing map simplifies the flow line of the water bodies into the 1-dimensional curve grid. After that, the curvilinear coordinate transformation is performed using the water body pixels and the curve grid. As a result, the shear layer identification method was successfully applied to the confluence between Nakdong River and Nam River to extract geometric shear layer features (confluence angle, upstream- and downstream- channel widths, shear layer length, maximum shear layer thickness).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.6 no.1 s.20
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• pp.59-68
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• 2006

Flow separation of recirculation zone by increasing of flow and change of its direction at confluence results in backwater due to conveyance reduction. The hydraulic characteristics of flow separation are analysed by experimental results of flow ratios of tributary and main streams and approaching angles. The boundary of flow separation by dimensionless length and width is defined by the streamline of zero and this definition agrees well to the existing investigation. Because flow separation doesn't appear in small flow ratio and approaching angle of $30^{\circ}$, the equation of flow separation with flow ratio and approaching angle is provided. In flow separation consideration and comparing with previous results, the existing equations of dimensionless length and width ratios by function of approaching angle, flow ratio, and downstream Froude number are modified and also contraction coefficient and shape factor are analysed. Dimensionless length and width ratios are proportional to the flow ratio and approaching angle. In analysis of water surface profiles, the backwater effects are proportional to the flow ratio and approaching angle and the magnitude at outside wall is greater than that of inside wall of main stream. The length, $X_l$ from the beginning of confluence to downstream of uniform flow, where the depth is equal to uniform depth, is characterized by width of stream, flow ratio, approaching angle, and contraction coefficient. The ratios between maximum water depth by backwater and minimum depth at separation are analysed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.spc1
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• pp.1015-1026
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• 2023

The confluence of rivers, where rivers meet, is a place known for complex water mixing dynamics. Sometimes, these rivers flow downstream without mixing. While this non-mixing can pose challenges for water quality management, it also offers the potential for improved water extraction in nearby water intakes (Chilseo). In this study, we analyzed the mixing dynamics at the confluence of the Nakdong River and the Nam River using drone imagery, water quality indicators like Electrical Conductivity, and hydraulic factor Secondary Flow. We found that meandering effects hindered mixing, as shown by the comparison of Secondary Flow and Electrical Conductivity distributions. Additionally, the Chilseo Water Purification Plant downstream of the Nakdong River-Nam River confluence extracted unmixed Nam River water during certain periods.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.659-667
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• 2017

This study analyzes the changes in the flow characteristics due to the difference in inflow discharges from the main channel and tributary at the confluence of the Nakdong and Geumho Rivers. The analysis was done using a two-dimensional numerical method. The study site has complicated flow patterns because of the discharge variation from the main stream and tributary. The study section has a meandering main channel, and the hydraulic characteristics cannot be defined with simple conditions such as the confluence angle of the channels or the ratio of the channel widths. An actual flood event in 2012 was applied in the numerical simulation. The maximum velocity occurred in the meandering section after passing the confluence, where a rapid change was expected. A high velocity and large bed change in this section were observed in the simulation results. The variation of discharges from the main channel and tributary was a more dominant factor in the flow and bed changes for the normal flow conditions than the flood event. This indicates that countermeasures for channel stabilization should be considered in the meandering section downstream of the confluence section, and countermeasures for the study section should be investigated.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.1273-1284
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• 2018

The flow and bed change were analyzed using the CCHE2D model, which is a two-dimensional numerical model, at a confluence of the Namhan River and Seom River where deposition occurs predominantly after the "Four Major Rivers Restoration Project." The characteristic of the junction is that the tributary of Seom River joined into the curved channel of the main reach of the Namhan River. The CCHE2D model analyzes the non-equilibrium sediment transport, and the adaptation lengths for the bed load and suspended load are important variables in the model. At the target area, the adaptation length for the bed load showed the greatest influence on the river bed change. Numerical simulation results demonstrated that the discharge ratio ($Q_r$) change affected the flow and bed change in the Namhan River and Seom river junction. When $Q_r{\leq}2.5$, the flow velocity of the main reach increased before confluence, thereby reducing the flow separation zone and decreasing the deposition inside the junction. When $Q_r$>2.5, there was a high possibility that deposition would be increased, thereby forming sand bar. Numerical simulation showed that a fixed sand bar has been formed at the junction due to the change of discharge ratio, which occurred in 2013.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.11-20
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• 1998

정적 통행배분모형은 도로 건설 등 공급부문에의 적용은 가능하나 통행량 및 혼잡의 시간적 공간적 변화를 고려하지 못하여 수요관리에서는 교통량 및 비용에 대한 관측치와 모형의 결과치가 상이한 문제가 있다. 이에 동적배분모형의 다양한 접근방법이 시도되고 있는데 그 중 Simulation기법을 개발하고자 하였다. 모형은 개별차량의 시공간상 움직임을 포현하고자 절대시간이 가장 이른 차량순으로 시뮬레이션을 함으로써 선입선출(FIFO)을 가능하게 하였다. 각 차량별 지체시간의 계산은 대기행렬 이론을 기초로 한 누적곡선법을 적용하여 도출하였다. 개별차량 Simulation은 시간축으로 확장된 연속류 Network상에서 각 차량의 도착 및 출발할 노드와 시간대를 결정하면 모든 지점에서 누적도착, 출발곡선을 그릴 수 있으며 이를 통해 도로구간에 있어 시간대별 통행시간, 밀도, 속도 등을 파악할 수 있다. 또한 합류부의 용량와 와해현상과 분류부의 용량변화현상 제약 및 Queue길이 제약이 이루어지도록 하였다. 개발된 모형의 검증은 영동대교 북단 강변도로 진출입부 자료를 실측하여 사용하였다. 모형은 합류부 용량와해의 적용 전과 후의 결과를 각각 실측치와 비교하였다. 용량와해현상을 적용한 모형에서 MAPE 10%미만의 우수한 예측력을 보였다. 이는 누적곡선을 이용한 Simulation모형이 현실에 가까움을 의미하는 것이며, 합류부 용량와해현상의 관계식을 보다 정교하게 도출하고 분류부에도 이를 적용한다면 모형의 예측력은 더욱 향상될 것으로 보인다.