• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.70-86
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• 1987

Going beyond the previous formulations of development theories, the present paper explores the effects other than political economy on quality of life in a rapidly developing country. The major analysis takes up the historical trend and nature of the developmental transformation that is partially a consequences of state structures and partially autonomous form it in South Korea. Also, it diagnoses developmental pathways for the future track by constructing a baseline model for state transition on the basis of power game between the state and civil society in the country. The results of the historical analysis show that civil society has been transformed in the course of confrontations and interactions between the state and nationalist social movement. The distinction between developmental(or bureaucratic authoritarian) and democratic state is presented to show that these are two qualitatively different aspects of state of state power, requiring separate analytical treatment. Furthermore, the state-centric approach which emphasizes the active role of the state at the sacrifice of societal fabric-constraining social conditions for quality of life - appears to be modified. On the contrary, the impact of civil society is transmitted both directly and indirectly via labor and ecological movement for quality of life, which is critical to the formation of the welfare state in the country. The prospect for sustainable development in Korea lies in providng and expanding quality of life in terms of the financial feasibility of the state through the public-private cooperation, and abstaining from drastic and radical commitment to welfare services as is the case with the European declines in welfare state, Further studies are needed to examine the interrelationships in different historical and cultural settings of developing counties to estimate a theory of quality of life and social justice.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.58-66
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate control efficacy of a fermented food 'Cheonggukjang' against cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in greenhouse. Sterilized Daepung beans were inoculated with the rice straw as natural inoculum and then incubated for 72 hrs at $42^{\circ}C$ in the household cheonggkjang maker. After 72 hrs of cheonggukjang fermentation, white zymogens were grown on the surface of a sterile Daepung beans. The pH of the 72 hrs fermented soybean was not significantly changed and electrical conductivity was found to increase by about 2 times than before fermentation. The population density of soybean zymogen showed a peak of growth at 60 hrs after fermentation and the concentration of zymogen was $8.2{\times}10^7cfu/ml$. Soybean zymogen form of the colony was divided into three kinds of bacteria and a white and a large colony (WL) was predominant bacteria among those up to 60 hrs of fermentation. To control the cucumber powdery mildew, diluted solutions of cheonggukjang was applied from 6.0% to 30.0% on cucumber leaves and they showed injury symptoms on cucumber leaves in more than 15% of them. However, more than 6.0% diluted cheonggukjang solutions showed more than 77.8% control effect of cucumber powdery mildew at 15 days after treatment. The fermented bacteria of Chenggukjang were well established in the cucumber leaf area at 15 days after treatment. The antifungal activity of 10% diluted cheonggukjang solutions was excellent for four species of plant fungal pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sclerotinia cepivorum, Rhizoctonia sloani and Phytophthora capsici in the dual culture test. Results indicated that foliar application of Cheonggukjang solution could be used for the control of powdery mildews occurring on organically cultivated cucumber.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2012

In 2006, the effect of soil pH adjustment on control of common scab of potato caused by Streptomyces spp. was evaluated in the field. Soil with an original pH 5.7 was treated with sulfur of 42 kg/10a and calcium hydroxide of 81.6 kg/10a and 184.5 kg/10a to adjust pH 5.0, 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. Additionally, the effect of gypsum (522 kg/10a) on soil pH and disease severity was examined. The soil pH of sulfur treatment plot was continuously declined from 5.13 at tuber initiation time to 5.01 at harvest. The disease severity of sulfur treatment plot was relatively low (22.8%) and the marketable yield of that was high (90.5%). By contrast, the soil pHs treated with calcium hydroxide (81.6 kg/10a and 184.5 kg/10a) were increased (pH 6.06 and 6.49, respectively) at harvest. In addition, calcium hydroxide treatment plots showed higher disease severities (51.0% and 61.1%), and lower marketable yields (55.7% and 37.0%). Meanwhile, the soil pH of gypsum treatment plot was not changed until harvest, and the disease severity and the marketable yield were not significantly different from those of control. The effect of crop rotation was also evaluated with four crops such as welsh onion, soybean, corn and Chinese cabbage. These crops were planted in the infested field from 2005 to 2007, and potatoes were planted in the same field in 2008. The disease severities of potatoes produced after rotations with welsh onion, soybean, corn and Chinese cabbage for 3 years were 13.1%, 16.7%, 28.9% and 30.2%, respectively. However, the disease severity of 73.1% was shown in continuous cropping of potato for 3 years. In addition, similar effects were exhibited in the marketable yield. These results demonstrate that the adjustment of soil pH and crop rotation might be very useful tools to control common scab of potato.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on the egg qualify, blood characteristics and fecal $NH_3-N$ in laying hens. A total of two hundred fifty two laying hens were randomly allocated into three treatments with seven replications for six weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (control; basal diet), 2) BS0.2(control + $0.2\%$ Bacillus subtilis) and 3) BS0.4 (control +$0.4\%$ Bacillus subtilis). For overall Period, hen-day egg production tended to increase by the Bacillus subtilis $0.4\%$ in the diets, but was no significant difference. Egg weight, egg shell breaking strength, egg shell thickness, Haugh Unit, yolk color unit and egg yolk index were not affected by treatments. Difference of egg weight and egg shell breaking strength in the BS0.2 treatment tended to increase without significant difference. Difference of egg yolk index in laying hens fed Bacillus subtilis was increased (P<0.05). The concentrations of red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) were not significant difference. $NH_3-N$ concentration in feces with BS0.4 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) lower than control. In conclusion, dietary Bacillus subtilis could decrease fecal $NH_3-N$.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 1990

Data are presented concerning the effect of different seasons and sexes during the growing period on broiler performance. Total 38, 451 broiler chickens were raised in spring summer and winter and they were marketed at 6 or 7 weeks of age. Birds were alloted to 118 groups (240∼360 birds per pen) and weighted at termination in order to determine variation in several economic traits between the sex groups. The results obtained were summarized as follows ： 1. The rate of livability of the females were higher than that of the males in all seasons (P＜0.01). 2. Body weights of males were heavier than that of females by 17.4％ at 6 wks, and 19.1％ at 7 wks of age and by 18.0∼19.6％ ,17.6∼18.4％ , and 19.6∼19.3％ in spring, summer, and winter, respectively (P＜0.01). 3. Males consumed more feed than females by 13.3∼135％ . And same trends was noted by season ： 11.7∼13,5％ in spring 175∼15.0％ in summer, and 11.5∼13.0％ in winter. 4. Peed requirement of the females was less than that of the males ： by 5.0∼7.1％, 5.9∼1.0％ , and 5.4∼5.5％ in spring, summer, and winter, respectively (P＜ 0,01). 5. The correlation coefficients between body weight and feed intake in spring were 0.81∼0.87 in males, and 0.84∼0.88 in females and those between body weight and feed requirements were ∼052∼0.51 in males, and -0.17∼-0.45.45 in females. 6. In summer the correlation coefficients between livability and body weight were -0.1∼-0.37 in males, and -0.36∼-0.51 in females, those between body weight and feed intake were 0.66∼0.77 in males, and 0.5∼0.82 in females, and those between body weight and feed requirement were -0.42∼-022 in males, and 0.24∼-0.001 in females. 7. In winter the correlation coefficients between livability and body weight were -0.02∼0.02 in males, -0.18∼-0.19 in females, those between body weight and feed requirements were -0.08∼02 in males, and 0.04∼0.09 in females.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.169-175
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• 1998

A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate optimum feeding system to Korean Native Chicken (KNC) with various feeding programs for 64 weeks. Eight hundreds and ten KNC＇one day birds were assigned to three feeding systems, NRC(T1), Japanese Feeding Standard(T2), Korean Feeding Standard(T3). Each treatment had three replicates of 90 birds a replicate. Data were obtained growing performance to 20 week of age and laying performance from twenty one to sixty four week. Viability to 20 week of age was similar to treatments. Growth characteristics by feeding systems were not significantly difference on body weight, feed intake and 50％ egg production days. However, body weight was less about 100g in T2. There were no different on egg production, egg weight, and egg mass during laying period. Feed intake of T1 was 104g daily and showed lower than other treatments, but was not different significantly. Feed conversion was significantly improved in T2(P <0.05) compared to other treatments(P<0.05). Egg production of all treatments was the highest between 27 to 30 week of age. ME intake of T1 was significantly maximized, whereas CP intake was the lowest of all treatments(P < 0.05). Nutrient requirements for egg mass tended to depend on nutrients intake. Interior egg and eggshell characteristics were not different among treatments except yolk color. Fertility and hatchability were similar to treatments, and the results at 39 week of age were higher than at 62 week in all treatments. In conclusion, treatments fed three or four phase feeding would be superior to other treatments during the growing period and suggest 2,800 ㎉/kg ME, 15％ CP for Korean native laying hen.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding organic acid mixture and yeast culture on the Performance and e99 quality of laying hens fur sixteen weeks. Four hundred and fifty 19-wk-old ISA Brown layers were alloted to five treatments with five replications of each. The supplemental levels of organic acid mixture(OAM) and yeast culture(YC) in the experimental diets were 0(control), OAM 0.1, 0.2%, and YC 0.1, 0.2%, respectively. Corn -Soy basal diet containing 16.0% CP and ME 2,770 kca1/kg ME. Eggs were collected and weighed every day. Eg3 Production, fred intake and fled conversion were recorded in every four weeks. Fatty acid composition of e99 Yolk, e99she11 breaking strength, thickness and Haugh unit were measured a(her every eight weeks. Egg Production and daily egg mass of birds fed 0.2% OAM and 0.1% YC tended to be higher than those of the other treatment groups. Egg weight was the highest in hens fed with 0.2% OAM treatment, but was not significantly different. Feed conversion of hens in all OAM and YC treatments was lower than those of control, but was not statistically different. Eggshell breaking strength of hens on OAM treatments tended to be higher than those of YC treatment and control. Haugh units of the birds fed OAM was significantly higher than controls (P<0.05). 599 yolk color score of OAM treatment was higher than those of YC treatments and control, but the difference was not significant. At 27-wk-old, arachidonnic acid content in eggs from the birds fed 0.1% OAM diet was significantly higher(P<0.05) than controls. The results of this experiment indicated that dietary organic acid mixture and yeast culture tended to improve the egg Production and internal egg quality.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of taurine supplementation on lipid metabolism in laying hens. In experiment 1, 19-wk-old laying hens were given one of four taurine supplemented diets (0 (control), 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2% taurine) fur 10 weeks. Abdominal fat weight was lower in the 1.2% diet by 29.2% compared to the control. Serum concentrations of triacylglycerol and HDL-cholesterol were not different among the treatments. However, seam concentration of total cholesterol was higher by 22.4% in the 1.2% diet compared to the control. Concentration of triacylglycerol or total cholesterol in the liver were decreased by 26.1% or 26.4% and 28.2% or 26.4%, respectively in the 0.8% and 1.2% diets compared to the control. The concentration of HDL-cholesterol in liver was also lower by 33.9% in the 1.2% diet compared to the control. In experiment 2, 81-wk-old laying hens were allocated to one of three taurine supplemented diets (0 (control), 1 and 2% taurine) fur 6 weeks. Abdominal fat weight was lower by 25% in 1% taurine supplementation compared to the control. Serum concentrations of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of hens fed with 1% diet were not different from those of control group. However, sew concentrations of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol were lower by 44.0% and 19.8%, respectively in the 2% diet compared to the control. Furthermore, serum concentration of HDL -cholesterol in the 2% diet was higher by 75% compared to the control. Concentrations of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol in the liver in the 2% diet were decreased in the 1% diet by 36.8 and 23%, respectively, but increased by 78.4% and 70%, respectively, compared to the control. The concentration of HDL-cholesterol in the liver was not different between the 1% diet and the control, but higher by 62.8% in the 2% diet compared to the control. These results indicated that taurine supplementation decreased the fat storage in abdominal cavity, which was accompanied by the changes in triacylglycerol and cholesterol metabolisms of laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, that have adverse effects on animals and humans. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins of greatest agro-economic importance and cause acute disease called mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxicosis in poultry birds results in decreased meat/egg production, immunosuppressant, and hepatotoxicosis. Some of toxins or their metabolites may be retained in animal or human tissues and induce health problems. This study was designed to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin $B_1$, aflatoxin $M_1$, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin B and deoxynivalenol, in chicken liver and kidney tissues. The mycotoxins were extracted and purified using modified QUECHERS methods, separated by LC and detected by an electrospray ionisation interface (ESI) and tandem MS. Good precision and linearity were observed for most of six mycotoxins. The recovery test for each mycotoxin in liver and kidney tissues mostly indicated good average recovery rates between 80.94% and 98.10% and the coefficient of variation mostly under 13.78%, except for aflatoxin $M_1$ and fumonisin $B_1$. The limit of detection (LOD) for six mycotoxins was $7.6{\sim}145.79{\mu}g/kg$ in liver tissues and $6.07{\sim}197.20{\mu}g/kg$ in kidney tissues. The quantification limits (LOQ) for 6 mycotoxins were in the range $23.04{\sim}441.78{\mu}g/kg$ in liver tissues and $18.40{\sim}597.59{\mu}g/kg$ in kidney tissues, respectively. The developed multi-mycotoxin method in this study permits simultaneous, simple, and rapid determination of several co-existing mycotoxins in chicken liver and kidney tissues.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare nutritional composition and taste-related compounds of breast and thigh meats from four lines of Korean native chickens (KNC) Yeonsan Ogye, Hyunin Black, Hwangbong, and Hoengseong Yakdak. White Leghorn (WL) was used as a control. Fifteen male chickens (three chickens in each line) were grown under same condition and slaughtered at 53 weeks old. The contents of Fe and K in KNC, especially Hwangbong breast meat and thigh meat of Hyunin Black and Hoengseong Yakdak, were higher than WL. The contents of Na were lower in KNC compared with WL regardless of parts (p<0.05). Vitamin A contents were higher in thigh meat of WL and Hyunin Black, and vitamin $B_1$ contents were lower in Hoengseong Yakdak than other lines. Vitamin $B_3$ were higher in breast meat of four lines of KNC and thigh meat of Hoengseong Yakdak than WL. Total amino acid contents were higher in breast meat of KNC than WL. The level of good-tasting amino acids were significantly higher in breast meat of Hoengseong Yakdak and WL, and thigh meat of Hyunin Black and WL than other lines of chickens (p<0.05). The ratio of good-tasting amino acids to bitter tasting amino acids was higher in breast meat of Hoengseong Yakdak and thigh meat of Hyunin Black than WL. IMP contents were higher in Hyunin Black and WL than other lines of chickens. Based on these results, it can be concluded that four lines of KNC may have superior nutritional quality and taste when compared with WL.