• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.692-698
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• 2001

This study has been carried out to estimate aboveground biomass and net primary production(NPP) in an average 41-years-old Quercus variabilis stand of Gongju area, 45-years-old Quercus variabilis stand of Pohang area, and 54-years-old Quercus variabilis stand of Yangyang area. Ten sample trees were cut in each forest and soil samples were collected in July to August, 2000. Estimation for aboveground biomass and net primary production were made by the equation model $Wt=aD^b$ where Wt is oven dry weight in kg and D is DBH in cm. Total aboveground biomass was 91.31ton/ha in Gongju area, 207.6ton/ha in Pohang area, and 71.39ton/ha in Yangyang area. The aboveground biomass 207.6ton/ha in Pohang area is the highest biomass production among the amount of biomass in Quercus variabils stands reported in Korea. The proportion of each tree component to total aboveground biomass was high in order of bolewood, bolebark, branches and leaves in the three forests. Aboveground total net primary production was estimated at 7.8ton/ha in Gongju area, 11.5ton/ha in Pohang area, and 6.40ton/ha in Yangyang area. There were at least 2 times higher total aboveground biomass in Pohang area than in the Gongju and Yangyang areas because of climate difference among the study areas.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.59-63
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• 2011

The symptoms such as weaken shape, partial and full death in nurse- and old- trees have been mostly caused by the occurrence of cavity. In general, the adaption of poly-urethane has been practised routinely in the way of treatment in cavity. However, the use of poly-urethane was not an effective, but it was related to pollution materials. Here, the experiment was conducted to identify the effects of the treatments of loess or micro-organisms for the alternatives of poly-urethane. The cavities which occurred in Zelkova serrata, Prunus yedoensis and Quercus myrsinaefolia were treated by poly-urethane, loess, mixtured loess and micro-organism (Rhadobacter), and mixtured loess and micro-organism (Rhodobacter + bacillus). As the results of this experiment, it was shown that the treatment of mixtured loess and micro-organism (Rhodobacter + bacillus) induced to develop greater callus formation in the cavity up to 97% in Zelkova serrata, up to 87% in Prunus yedoensis, and by 73% in Quercus myrsinaefolia than the treatment of poly-urethane. But the only loess and mixtured loess and micro-organism (Rhadobacter) was a similar or lower callus formation ratio than poly-urethane.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.204-219
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the characteristics of the plant community structure of vegetation distributed on the western slope and ridge connecting Mt. Noja to Mt. Gara. This basic research was executed not only to restore and manage forest vegetation, but also to monitor the trend of change in the long term. As a result of classifying the communitise in 86 survey quadrats, the Pinus thunbergii-Platycarya strobilacea comm. and P. thunbergii-P. densiflora comm. were distributed around the lowlands. The Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Styrax japonicus-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Acer pictum subsp. Mono-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Deciduous broad-leaved comm., and Zelkova serrata comm. appeared in the valley and all stone areas. Quercus serrata comm., Q. serrata-S. japonicus comm., S. japonicus-Carpinus cordata comm., Euonymus oxyphyllus comm. were classified as being distributed on steep slopes with relatively high altitude. According to the succession trend of the forest, evergreen conifers will be transition to deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, deciduous broad-leaved arboreous forests, such as Carpinus tschonoskii, zelkova serrata, and Acer pictum subsp. Mono, were considered to maintain their current succession stage because not only the stratified structure was developed over about 50 years tree age, but also ecologically stabilized. As environmental factors, it was analyzed that altitude, pH, content of clay and silt, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, etc. directly or indirectly affect the distribution of plant communities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.646-657
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to understand the ecological characteristics and vegetation structure of Mt. Daedun Provincial Park by setting up and surveying 42 plots ($100m^2$). The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Quercus aliena community, Larix kaempferi community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Pinus rigida community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, and Quercus mongolica community. The results of a vegetation structure analysis showed that the dominant species of each community were likely to maintain the present structure, but, in the case of Pinus densiflora community, it is necessary to monitor the forest succession because of the competition with oak trees. The results of the DBH (diameter of breast height) analysis showed that the species in DBH 20-24cm and over 26cm were many observed, indicating that the communities were becoming stable. It is likely that the dominant species of tree canopies will maintain their state unless the unexpected physical environment changes, serious disturbance, pests or diseases occur. The results of the tree rings and annual growth analysis showed that the dominant trees had an average age of more than 40 years. The average annual growth was the highest for Quercus variabilis in community I at $3.51{\pm}2.39mm$ and the lowest for Quercus mongolica in community VII at $1.61{\pm}0.90mm$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.364-371
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• 2019

This study was conducted to provide the basic information for a reasonable forest management plan and sustainable forest management by developing a dominant tree height growth model using diameter at breast height (DBH) and site index curves for Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa growing in Jeolla-do. The altitude, slope, orientation, soil type, height and DBH of a dominant tree, and the ages of trees were measured for 3055 Pinus densiflora trees (611 plots) and 3345 Chamaecyparis obtusa trees (699 plots), and these data were used to develop a customized afforestation map. In the dominant tree height growth model, the relationship to DBH was used in the Petterson, Michailow, and log equations. Also, a dominant tree height growth model in relationship to age used the Chapman-Richards, Schumacher, and Gompertz equations. The Petterson equation, which has a lower mean square error, was used to model dominant tree height growth in relationship to DBH. In the model of dominant tree height growth in relationship to age, three kinds of equations were considered to have little statistical difference. Therefore, the Chapman-Richards equation was chosen for modeling on the national level. Thirtyyears was used as the base age, which is an important factor for estimating the site index curves. In the results, a more varied range of site index family curves with 6-18 was developed for Pinus densiflora, and with 6-22 for Chamaecyparis obtusa. As the new site index curves indicated influences on growth of Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa, a reasonable forest management plan will be possible in the future for Jeolla-do.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2019

밤나무는 임업분에서 재배역사가 가장 오래된 임산물 중 하나로써 다양한 지역에서 재배되고 있다. 또한 우리나라의 대표적인 단기소득 임산물로서 1970년대부터 산림청에서 고소득 작목으로 적극 권장하면서 전국적으로 보급되었고 이후 밤 생산량은 점차 증가하였으나 최근 생산자의 노령화에 따른 노동력 부족 및 밤나무 수령 증가에 따라 밤 생산량이 감소하고 있다. 본 연구는 이천지역에서 노령화된 밤나무 '단택'(45년생)을 선정하고 전정처리에 따른 밤나무의 결실 및 과실특성 조사를 통해 노령목 밤나무의 효율적인 재배관리기술의 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 노령목 밤나무의 평균 수고 및 수관폭은 10.8 m, 8.5 m(N-S), 8.6 m(E-W)로 조사되었으며, 전정 후 수고 및 수관폭은 5.0 m, 4.1 m(N-S), 4.5 m(E-W)로 나타났다. 전정처리에 따른 착구수는 무처리구에서 216.9개로 전정처리구(144.8개) 보다 많았지만 입중은 전정처리구가 23.1 g으로 무처리구 15.7 g보다 높게 나타났다. 밤 과실의 당도 및 경도는 각각 무처리구 $14.8^{\circ}Brix$, 92.7 N, 전정처리구 $15.2^{\circ}Brix$, 93.9 N으로 처리간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 과실등급은 '특'(22g 이상), '대'(18~22g), '중'(15~18g), 소(15g 미만) 4등급으로 분류하였다. 과실등급 비율은 무처리구와 전정처리구에서 각각 '특'(11.9%, 59.5%), '대'(22.0%, 21.6%), '중'(21.2%, 11.1%), '소'(44.9%, 7.8%)로 전정처리구가 무처리구보다 '특' 및 '대' 비율이 2.4배 높았다. 따라서 밤나무 노령목의 전정처리는 상품성이 우수한 높은 등급의 과실생산에 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.408-423
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• 2021

We established and monitored survey sites in seven regions of Mt. Jiri to investigate population decline and change of the Korean fir (Abies koreana) over a ten-year period from 2009 to 2018. With the exception of one site (Seseok), the six remaining ones all showed a four-layer stratification structure. The importance value of Korean firs in all of the survey areas decreased significantly by 28.5%, from 55.7% in 2009 to 39.8% in 2018. The average population of objects with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5cm or more in all survey sites was 711 objects/ha in 2018, and the cumulative death rate from 2009 to 2018 was 10.8%. Among the death types, DS (dead standing) was the most dominant, comprising 82.4% of the total survey area. However, in Banyabong 1, which had a high gradient of 35°, the death types other than DS accounted for 44.2%. We estimate that A. koreana can maintain a stable population as its distribution type for each diameter class in the Saeseokpyeongjeon site showed a reverse-J shape. The average annual ring growth in all survey sites was 1.09 mm/year, with the most abundant growth observed in the Seseokpyeongjeon site, which was formed mainly by a subtree layer. The growth ring survey showed the estimated average age of A. koreana population in the Byeoksoryeong and Banyabong 1 sites to be 102 and 91 years, respectively, a general downward trend of vitality since 2013.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.72
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• pp.217-264
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to understand the view on people(百姓) and Lee Won-ik(李元翼)'s view on politics, comparing with Seonjo(宣祖)'s view on them. They as political actors sufficiently cognized the condition of life of people had been very desperate. Seonjo had approached from politics to the life of people, while Lee from the life of people to politics. The former has the precariousness of transformation and instrumentalisation of the life of people. The latter has the possibility of the life of people to lead the politics. Lee's stance was on the latter aspect. He had tried to conceive the people as they are, in other words as reality, not as they should be, in other words as idea. He refrained the elucidation of people from confining it within dichotomy structure of ruling-ruled. He had tried to conceive the organic relationship between people and other existences within community. He did not give knowledge-centered question of what is the life of people, but gave situation-phenomenon-centered question of how people has been living. This approach eulciates Lee's focus on the problems of Gongyi(工役), military service(軍役), Labour service(?役), the reduction and exemption of the tax, and the appointment of provincial officer(守令). As for Lee Won-ik, the best form of life of people is to make people have mind to deserve to live, to economize their power(寬民力), to make them savor their life(樂民生), and to make their life easy(安民).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.93-100
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• 2022

This study aimed to understand the current status of science and engineering university(SEU) R&D operations depending on the research project characteristics(e.g., stages and characteristics), then provide implications for future university R&D support systems and related policies. Hence, an online survey targeting SEU R&D recipients was conducted between October 4th to November 5th, 2021. Analyzing 445 valid data using the Apriori algorithm, 16 association rules for R&D operation according to the research project characteristics show that regardless of research characteristics, SEU's R&D projects, particularly in applied research, were funded or operated under the leadership of government or public institutions. For basic research, individual researchers had a higher level of autonomy in determining research topics; yet, they had a short duration (3 years) and a unit of evaluation period of more than 3 years. These findings can be empirical evidence for revealing the relationship among various variables in operating SEUs' R&D.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.54-75
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• 2021

The right to data portability needs to be introduced to strengthen the self-control of data subjects and promote personal data use. However, the right to data portability constitutes a high risk of invasion of privacy of data subjects and may infringe on the property rights of data controllers, so careful and thorough design is warranted. The right to data portability can intensify the concentration and monopoly of personal data, result in problems of overseas transfer of personal data held by public institutions, and enrich only the profits of giant platforms by burdening the data subject with high transfer cost. By contrast, SMEs are more likely to endure a personal data deprivation. From the proposed amendment to the Personal Data Protection Act are raised various legal issues such as. i) Whether to include inferred/derived data, personal data held by public institutions, activity data, sensitive data, and personal data of third parties within the scope of data portability; ii) whether SMEs are included in the data porting organization; iii) whether to exclude SMEs or large platforms from the scope of the data receiving organization; iv) Whether to allow the right to transmit to other data controllers, v) Whether to allow the overseas transfer of personal data held by public institutions, vi) How to safely exercise the right to data portability, vii) the scope of responsibility and immunity of a data porting organization, etc. The purpose of this paper is to propose the direction for legislative action based on various legal issues related to data portability.