• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2019

Livestock manure is a significant source for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and a huge amount of GHG emission is generated during its storage. In the present work, lowering temperature was attempted to mitigate methane ($CH_4$) emission from cattle manure (CM) with high solid content. CM was stored for 60 d at $15-35^{\circ}C$ ($5^{\circ}C$ interval). $CH_4$ emission reached $63.6{\pm}3.6kg\;CO_2\;eq./ton\;CM$ at $35^{\circ}C$, which was reduced to $51.6{\pm}1.8$, $24.1{\pm}4.4$, $14.9{\pm}0.5$, and $3.7{\pm}0.1kg\;CO_2\;eq./ton\;CM$ at 30, 25, 20, and $15^{\circ}C$, respectively. After storage, 30% of COD reduction was observed in the CM stored at $35^{\circ}C$, while the COD removal decreased to only 6% at $15^{\circ}C$. It was found that only 3-11% of COD removal was done by anaerobic process, while the rest of COD removal was done by aerobic biological process. Methanobrevibacter and Methanolobus were found to be the dominant species in the CM, and the dominance of Methanolobus psychrophilus increased at lower storage temperature. Specific methanogenic activity test results showed that the inhibition by low temperature was temporal.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.95-103
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• 2019

Periodontal inflammation, a major kind of periodontal diseases, is characterized to bleed, pain, and teeth loss, and it is resulted from oxidative stress. Membrane-free stem cell extract could avoid the immunogencity rejection by removal of cell membrane. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of membrane-free stem cell extract from oxidative stress-induced periodontal inflammation in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF). In the cell viability measurement, membrane-free stem cell extract showed significant increase of cell viability, compared with the $H_2O_2$-treated control group. To further investigation of molecular mechanisms, we measured inflammation and apoptosis related protein expressions. Membrane-free stem cell extract attenuated inflammation-related protein expressions such as nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin-6. In addition, the treatment of membrane-free stem cell extract decreased apoptotic protein expressions such as cleaved caspase-9, -3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein/Bcl-2 ratio in the $H_2O_2$-treated HPLF cells. In conclusion, membrane-free stem cell extract exhibited anti-oxidative stress effects by regulation of inflammation and apoptosis in HPLF, suggesting that it could be used as the treatment agents for periodontal inflammatory disease.

• 재활복지
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.237-255
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• 2014

Idiopathic Parkinson disease(IPD) is an neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra, a region of midbrain. Its major symptoms are muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and postural instability. An estimated 70~90% of patients with IPD also have hypokinetic dysarthria. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been reported to be successful in relieving the core motor symptoms of IPD in the advanced stages of the disease. However, data on the effects of STN-DBS on speech performance are inconsistent. A medline literature search was done to retrieve articles published from 1987 to 2012. The results were narrowed down to focus on speech performance under STN-DBS based perceptual, acoustic, and/or aerodynamic analyses. Among the 32 publications which dealt with speech performance after STN-DBS indicated improvement(42%), deterioration(29%), mixed results(26%), or no change(3%). The most favorite method was found to be based upon acoustic analysis by using a vowel prolongation and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS). For the purpose of verifying the effect of the STN-DBS, speech evaluation should be undertaken on all speech components such as articulation, resonance, phonation, respiration, and prosody by using a contextual speech task.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2019

Korea has passed the Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities in 2015, and the integrated environmental management under the BAT standard is underway. To summarize the nature of integrated environmental management, it is the regulation by the integration of the management of the multi-pollutant source and the technical standard of BATs. In general, in environmental economics, regulation-based on technical standards are known to be inefficient. This paper attempts to evaluate the efficiency of BAT standards from an economic point of view. A simple multi-pollutant model demonstrates that the inefficiency of the environmental tax with imperfect information in a single pollutant situation is amplified under multi-pollutant conditions. The simultaneous introduction of BAT and IPPC can be partially explained by this logic. It is also highlighted by the strengthening of BAT standards by EU, as a countermeasure to the potential deterioration of air quality caused by the change of effective environmental taxes accompanying the fuel and emission price changes.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.543-559
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• 2019

Data often include missing values due to various reasons. If the missing data mechanism is not MCAR, analysis based on fully observed cases may an estimation cause bias and decrease the precision of the estimate since partially observed cases are excluded. Especially when data include many variables, missing values cause more serious problems. Many imputation techniques are suggested to overcome this difficulty. However, imputation methods using parametric models may not fit well with real data which do not satisfy model assumptions. In this study, we review imputation methods using nonlinear models such as kernel, resampling, and spline methods which are robust on model assumptions. In addition, we suggest utilizing imputation classes to improve imputation accuracy or adding random errors to correctly estimate the variance of the estimates in nonlinear imputation models. Performances of imputation methods using nonlinear models are compared under various simulated data settings. Simulation results indicate that the performances of imputation methods are different as data settings change. However, imputation based on the kernel regression or the penalized spline performs better in most situations. Utilizing imputation classes or adding random errors improves the performance of imputation methods using nonlinear models.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.5-34
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• 2007

Archaeological Heritage is material testimony of national and regional history, and it is one of the tourist's attractions. So it has very important meaning and identical value for a local residents. Public concern on the heritage site elevate higher day by day. They are willing to use it for a multiful purpose, cultural, educational, and even commercial one. But Archaeological Heritage is fragile, and visitors can impact negatively for protection and management of the authenticity on the heritage site. In this research I try to compare legal and administrative measure for the protection, management, and culturalization of Archaeological Heritage in many countries. And I suppose sustainable and practical strategies for keeping integrity of heritage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.230-231
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• 2019

This study is a development on condition based maintenance(CBM) technology which is a core item of future autonomous ships. It is developing to design & installation of condition monitoring system and acquisition & processing of data from ongoing ships for fault prediction & prognosis of engine in operation. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a predicts and decision support software for marine engine faults. To do this, the FMEA and fault tree analysis of the main engine should be accompanied by the analysis of classification of system, identification of the components, the type of faults, and the cause and phenomenon of the failure. Finally, the CBM system solution software could predict and diagnose the failure of main engine through integrated analysis for bid-data of ongoing ships and engineering knowledge. Through this study, it is possible to pro-actively cope with abnormal signals of engine and to manage efficiently, and as a result, expected that marine accident and ship operation loss during navigation will be prevented in advance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.353-362
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• 2018

The national loss caused by the periodic livestock epidemic is very large. In addition, vehicle movement is the main cause of livestock epidemics in Korea. In this context, this study analyzed the relationship between the degree centrality of livestock facilities and the outbreak of infectious diseases. For this purpose, a livestock vehicle movement network was constructed using the facility entrance data provided by KAHIS. Afterwards, the centrality index was derived for each facility in the vehicle movement network and the mean centrality index of the epidemic and non-epidemic facilities were compared. The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, the degree centrality of epidemic facilities is significantly greater than non-epidemic facilities. As a result of the analysis of the entire period data and the period-based data, in most data, the degree centrality of facilities where livestock infectious diseases occurred was significantly greater than most non-occurrence facilities. Second, in the entire period data, the difference in degree centrality between the epidemic and non-epidemic facilities was smaller for HPAI than for FMD. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the results of the analysis according to the divided period. The policy implications of the results are as follows. First, proactive management of facilities based on centrality is needed. Second, in the case of cloven-hoofed animal facilities, it is more urgent to introduce a management policy based on the degree centrality.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 2019

Ginseng (Pnanx ginseng C. A. Meyer) is famous worldwide, and is very important cash crop and medicinal herb in Korea. It takes four to five years to produce harvestable ginseng roots, and ginseng is attacked by several pathogens during cultivation. We investigated the disease rate caused by ginseng root rot from 6 years old ginseng cultivation fields (Chungnam; 9 fields, Chungbuk; 11 fields, Gangwon 5 fields). The highest disease severity was Dangjin D (2.9) and the lowest one was Gaesan C (0.6). Of the 625 isolations, 340 isolations were classified as Ilyonectria radicicola and Fusarium solani. Finally, genetic diversity of I. radicicola and F. solani was confirmed by sequence analysis. Among the I. radicicola group, I. mors-panacis, which is known as highly virulent pathogen, and I. liriodendri, I. robusta and I. cyclamicicola, which are weakly virulent pathogens, were identified. In the case of F. solani, it is divided into two groups, but it is necessary to conduct diversity research through genetic analysis and pathogenetic studies using various markers. Based on these results, it could be used as a basic data for control of ginseng root rot pathogens.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.403-410
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• 2020

In addition to the research on noise removal and super-resolution using the data restoration (Output result) function of Autoencoder, research on the performance improvement of clustering using the dimension reduction function of autoencoder are actively being conducted. The clustering function and data restoration function using Autoencoder have common points that both improve performance through the same learning. Based on these characteristics, this study conducted an experiment to see if the autoencoder model designed to have excellent data recovery performance is superior in clustering performance. Skip connection technique was used to design autoencoder with excellent data recovery performance. The output result performance and clustering performance of both autoencoder model with Skip connection and model without Skip connection were shown as graph and visual extract. The output result performance was increased, but the clustering performance was decreased. This result indicates that the neural network models such as autoencoders are not sure that each layer has learned the characteristics of the data well if the output result is good. Lastly, the performance degradation of clustering was compensated by using both latent code and skip connection. This study is a prior study to solve the Hanja Unicode problem by clustering.