• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2016

This study was investigated the improvement effects of Ledebouriella seseloides (LS) ethanol extracts on lipid parameters in an ovariectomized animal model. Sixty, nine-week old female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups as follows: sham-operated rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON) and ovariectomized rats that were treated with LS ethanol extracts (50 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively). The diets were fed to the rats for six weeks after their operation. The total-cholesterol and triglyceride contents on serum increased in the OVX-CON group compared to the SHAM group, but supplementation with the LS extract caused these factors to decrease. Notably, the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in the supplemented 200 mg/kg/day LS ethanol extract group was significantly more reduced than the OVX-CON group. In addition, the platelet aggregation ability was lower in groups treated with LS than in the OVX-CON group. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was lower in the LS extract group compared to the OVX-CON group. Collagen content, in bone and cartilage, were reduced by ovariectomy, but the supplemented LS extract groups exhibited higher concentrations in their bones. According to these results, the improvement effects of LS extract on serum lipid parameters and osteogenesis in ovariectomized rats were illuminated.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 2013

The 6th Worldwide Air Transport Conference was held in Montreal in March 2013 under the auspices of ICAO. This conference, which has been held every ten years, is dealing with virtually every issue of international air transport, and aiming at updating ICAO policy in order to ensure long-term growth of international civil aviation. Last conference which took place in 2003 focused on the liberalization of air transport, and the 6th conference shifted its focus from whether to push for liberalization, to how to implement it. The main agenda items for the 6th conference was liberalization, safeguards, ownership, fair competition, airports and air navigation facilities, charges, and ICAO policy. The liberalization, and in particular progressive liberalization has been a main theme over the past decades. In the process leading to liberalization, there needs to be the expansion of market access, easing regulation on ownership and control of airlines. Furthermore, the provision of enough infrastructure such as airport and air navigation facilities may be contributing factor to remove impediments to liberalization. However, out of concern as for undermining interests of consumer and the weak, when liberalization is proceeding in a sudden and radical manner, there should be safeguards so as to ensure market participation by developing countries, consumer protection, and economical and transparent decision on taxes and charges. Fair competition which differs from promoting competition in the market, is a policy in order to protect the weak players and consumers from monopoly and oligopoly. The Korean delegation submitted 3 WPs (WP/85, 86 and 87) and 1 IP, and presented WPs, at the conference, which were a lot compared with previous occasions. A paradigm shift was emphasized to expedite the process of liberalization at the 6th conference. The reality is that with many previous recommendations to stress the importance of liberalization, and to urge States to change their attitudes, the pace of the liberalization has been very slow and staggering. The liberalization of air transport will contribute to the growth of air transport and related industry, to create new employment, promoting tourism and regional development, and further to facilitating mutual understanding and exchange, which will also lead to making a barrier-free world. In this context, it is expected that the next conference will also evaluate the on-going process of liberalization.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 2018

This study investigated the influence of catalyst preparation on the activity of $Co-CeO_2$ catalyst for $N_2O$ decomposition. $Co-CeO_2$ catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation. In order to estimate the performance of the as prepared catalysts, direct catalytic $N_2O$ decomposition test was carried out under $250{\sim}375^{\circ}C$. As a result, the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation (CoCe-CP) showed an enhanced performance on $N_2O$ decomposition reaction even in the presence of $O_2$ and/or $H_2O$, whereas the impregnation catalyst (CoCe-IM) did not. In order to investigate the difference in catalytic activity, characterization such as XRD, BET, TEM, $H_2-TPR$, $O_2-TPD$, and XPS was conducted. It is confirmed that the particle size and specific surface area were changed depending on the catalyst preparation method and the synthesis process influenced the physical properties of the catalysts. In addition, the improvement in the activity of the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation is due to the enhanced reduction from $Co^{3+}$ to $Co^{2+}$ and the improved oxygen desorption rate. However, it has been confirmed that the surface electron state and binding energy, which are related to $N_2O$ decomposition, do not change depending on the preparation method.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 1998

To evaluate the storage characteristics of pheasant meat products, contents of aerobic, anaerobic and food poisoning bacteria as well as VBN were measured during storage at various temperatures. 1. During the storage Escherichia coli and food poisoning bacteria including Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus were not detected from any of the pheasant meat products. 2. Total plate counts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria increased with storage temperature, showing more than $10^6CFU/g$ of most pheasant meat products within 5~10 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. However, frank sausage, loin ham, pressed ham and salad showed less than $10^5CFU/g$ in 20~30 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C$. 3. When stored at $10^{\circ}C$, smoked product, electric roasted product and pressed ham showed the bacterial counts of more than $10^4CFU/g$ within 10 days of storage. Frank sausage, loin ham and salad, however, showed less than $10^3CFU/g$ in 10 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. 4. VBN contents of smoked product, electric roasted product and frank sausage exceeded edible limit of 20 mg%, showing more than 40 mg% and 80 mg% within 5 days and 10 days, respectively, of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. In contrast, loin ham, pressed ham and salad had the VBN of less than 20 mg% in 10 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. In summary, while pheasant meat products in general appear to be prone to microbial growth, loin ham and salad are thought to have a longer storage period than others, showing about 10 days of preservation at $10^{\circ}C$. Products other than loin ham and salad are suggested to be stored frozen or refrigerated at below $10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1658-1665
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• 2009

This study was carried out on thirty men to define the association of inflammatory markers with physiological factors on one-time aerobic exercise (for 15 min. Post-exercise interleukin-6 (IL-6), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and pulsatility and resistance index of middle cerebral artery (PI and RI, respectively) levels were elevated compared to those measured pre-exercise. Total leukocyte and platelet counts, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), free radical (FR), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels tended to decrease after exercise. Pre-exercise IL-6 levels were positively correlated with pre-exercise SBP levels, while post-exercise IL-6 level was positively correlated with post-exercise PI and RI levels. Post-exercise, hs-CRP levels were negatively related to SBP and HR. Pre-exercise, FR levels were positively associated to SBP, DBP, and HR. Post-exercise FR levels were negatively related to the post-exercise blood flow velocity in middle cerebral artery. Pre-exercise erythrocyte indices (RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels) were in inverse proportion to pre-exercise IL-6 levels. Post-exercise FR levels were inversely related to post-exercise total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and MCH levels. Pre-exercise $Mg^{++}$ levels were in inverse proportion to pre-exercise IL-6, hs-CRP, or FR levels. These findings suggest that one-time aerobic exercise offers a significant relationship between inflammatory markers and some biochemical markers or electrolytes. Further studies need to be carried out for investigation of differences between genders or age groups following one-time or regular aerobic exercise.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1186-1192
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of either aerobic exercise or polyphenols supplementation on mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress in skeletal muscle of high fat diet-induced obese mice. In the study, mice were divided into five groups: (1) NC (normal diet for 16 weeks as a control, n=10), (2) HC (high fat diet for 16 weeks as a control, n=10), (3) H-Re (high fat diet with resveratrol 25 mg/kg supplementation for 16 weeks, n=10), (4) H-Ch (high fat diet with chrysin 50 mg/kg supplementation for 16 weeks, n=10), and (5) HE (high fat diet with aerobic exercise for 16 weeks, n=10). Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill for 40~60 min/day at 10~14 m/min, 0% grade, four days/week for 16 weeks. Endoplasmic reticulum stress related genes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ATF6, PERK, $IRE1{\alpha}$, and BIP/GRP78 mRNA were significantly decreased in HE compared with those in HC (p<0.05). Also, ATF6, $IRE1{\alpha}$, and BIP/GRP78 mRNA were significantly decreased in H-Re compared with those in HC (p<0.05). ATF6 mRNA was significantly decreased in H-Ch compared with that in HC (p<0.05). These findings suggest that aerobic exercise, resveratrol, and chrysin supplementation changed ER stress markers. However, aerobic exercise was most effective on ameliorating the high fat diet induced ER stress markers. Thus, it seems that aerobic exercise might have a more positive effect on skeletal muscle endoplasmic reticulum stress compared with polyphenol supplementation in high fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.919-924
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• 1997

The changes in physicochemical properties of cooked rice stored in an electric rice cooker at different temperature (63, 66, 69 and $72^{\circ}C$) were investigated. The growth of thermophilic bacteria was gradually increased in all samples with storage time up to 6 hours and increased rapidly afterward. The bacterial growth rate was higher during storage at low temperature than at high temperature, and the bacterial number generally reached the maximum at 18 hours of the storage. The number of bacteria in sample stored at $63^{\circ}C$ was increased to $10^6$ CFU/g after storage for 6 hours. The heat treatment at 6 hours of storage decreased the bacterial number to $10^5 $ CFU/g at 8 hours of storage. Bacterial number was gradually increased with storage time after the first heat treatment. When the sample was reheated after 8 hours of storage, the bacterial number was reduced to the level at which off-odor was not detected after storage for 24 hours. During the storage, moisture content of heat-treated sample was lower than that of sample stored at $63^{\circ}C$ but higher than that of sample stored at $72^{\circ}C$. The L value of heat-treated sample was higher than that of the sample stored at $72^{\circ}C$, but lower than that of the sample stored at $63^{\circ}C$. The b value showed an opposite trend to the L value with regard to the storage temperature. Changes in texture were not remarkable during the storage for the sample heat-treated and stored at low temperature. The occurrence of off-odor and browning was depressed in the heat-treated sample, and the texture and overall eating quality were more acceptable than the samples stored at low temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.8 no.1 s.15
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• pp.51-63
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• 2000

Dynamic traffic assignment(DTA) has been a topic of substantial research during the past decade. While DTA is gradually maturing, many aspects of DTA still need improvement, especially regarding its formulation and solution algerian Recently, with its promise for In(Intelligent Transportation System) and GIS(Geographic Information System) applications, DTA have received increasing attention. This potential also implies higher requirement for DTA modeling, especially regarding its solution efficiency for real-time implementation. But DTA have many mathematical difficulties in searching process due to the complexity of spatial and temporal variables. Although many solution algorithms have been studied, conventional methods cannot iud the solution in case that objective function or constraints is not convex. In this paper, the genetic algorithm to find the solution of DTA is applied and the Merchant-Nemhauser model is used as DTA model because it has a nonconvex constraint set. To handle the nonconvex constraint set the GENOCOP III system which is a kind of the genetic algorithm is used in this study. Results for the sample network have been compared with the results of conventional method.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.482-487
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• 1996

Five barley and two oat varieties grown in Korea were investigated for soluble, insoluble, and total $(1{\to}3)$, $(1{\to}4)-{\beta}-D-glucans$. Total and insoluble ${\beta}-glucans$ after extraction of soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ with water were analyzed, and the soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ were calculated as the difference between total and insoluble ${\beta}-glucans$. The total ${\beta}-glucans$ in whole barleys were in a range of $3.3{\sim}5.6%$(average 4.4%), and those in pearled barleys were In a range of $3.3{\sim}7.1%$(average 5.2%). In whole barleys, on average, 54% of the ${\beta}-glucans$ was soluble and in pearled barley 46%. Whole oats contained $3.1{\sim}4.0%$ total ${\beta}-glucans$, and dehulling increased the groat ${\beta}-glucans$ contents to $4.0{\sim}4.8%$. Oats demonstrated considerably higher ${\beta}-glucans$ solubility of 84% than barley. ${\beta}-Glucans$ in barley and oats were rapidly extracted at the beginning of the extraction and almost all of the ${\beta}-glucans$ were extracted after $2{\sim}3 hr extraction. As extraction temperature increased from $23^{\circ}C$ to $45^{\circ}C$, more soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ were extracted. However, solubility of barley ${\beta}-glucans$ decreased at a relatively high temperature of $65^{\circ}C$. Steam-cooking reduced the analytical solubility of barley and oat ${\beta}-glucans$, while roasting seemed to render the ${\beta}-glucans$ of barley more soluble.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2005

Photocatalytic oxidation of Cu(II)-EDTA has been studied using solar/$TiO_2$ photocatalysis as an energy source. Photocatalysis efficiency on the treatment of Cu(II)-EDTA was investigated using different types of solar collectors as well as by variation of the angles of solar collector solar light intensities, flow rates, and areas of solar collector. effect of $H_2O_2$ and types of $TiO_2$ catalyst on the treatment of Cu(II)-EDTA was also investigated. Removal of Cu(II) and DOC was favorable with a hemispherical collector than with a flat collector Removal of Cu(II) and DOC increased with increasing angles of solar collector up to $38^{\circ}$. Slurry type $TiO_2$ showed four-times higher removal efficiency than immobilized type $TiO_2$. Removal of both Cu(II) and DOC at a clear sky of solar light intensity ranging from 0.372 to $2.265\;mW/cm^2$ was greater than removal at a cloudy day of solar light intensity ranging from 0.038 to $1.129\;mW/cm^2$. From the result of this research that the removal efficiency of Cu(II) and DOC increased as the solar light intensity increased, it can be inferred that quantum yield in the destruction of Cu(II)-EDTA may directly related with the solar light intensity. Removal of Cu(II) increased as increasing the area of solar collector and was similar at lower flow rates white removal of Cu(II) was interfered at higher flow rates. When immobilized $TiO_2$ was used, removal efficiency of Cu(II) increased in the presence of $H_2O_2$ while negligible effect was found in the use of $TiO_2$ slurry.