• Title/Summary/Keyword: 소화가스

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High-rate Anaerobic Co-digestion of Food Waste and Sewage Sludge (음식물쓰레기와 하수슬러지의 고율 혐기성 통합소화)

  • Heo, Nam-Hyo;Chung, Sang-Soon
    • New & Renewable Energy
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    • v.1 no.2 s.2
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    • pp.60-72
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    • 2005
  • The effect of alkaline pre-treatment on the solubilization of waste activated sludge(WAS) was investigated, and the biodegradability of WAS, pretreated WAS, [PWAS], food waste and two types of mixture were estimated by biochemical methane potential [BMP] test at $35^{\circ}C$. The biodegradability of PWAS and mixture waste were significantly improved due to the effect of alkaline hydrolysis of WAS. An alkaline pre-treatment was identified to be one of the useful pre-treatment for improving biodegradability of WAS and mixture waste. In high-rate anaerobic co-digestion system coordinate with an alkaline pre-treatment in process, the digesters were operated at the HRT of 5, 7, 10 and 13 days with a mixture of FW $50\%\;and\;PWAS\;50\%,\;$In term of $CH_4$ content, VS removal and specific methane production [SMP] which are the parameters in the performance of digester, the optimum operating condition was found to be a HRT of 7 days and a OLR of 4.20g/L-day with the highest SMP of 0.340 L $CH_4/g$ VS.

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Research Trends of Technology Using Oxygen for Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes (경질알칸의 탈수소 반응을 위한 산소활용기술 연구 동향)

  • Koh, Hyoung Lim
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.128-134
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    • 2016
  • Due to the great development made in converting the shale gas into the more valuable products, research and commercialization for production technology of olefins like propylene, butenes, butadiene from light alkanes have been intensively investigated. Especially the technology using oxygen like oxidative dehydrogenation or selective hydrogen combustion to overcome thermodynamic limit of direct dehydrogenation conversion has been extensively studied and some cases of applying this technology to the plant scale was reported. In this review, we have categorized the technology into two parts; gas phase oxygen utilization technology and lattice oxygen utilization technology. The trends, results and future direction of the technology are discussed.

The study on increasing of biodegradability by pre-treatment of municipal wasted sludge in anaerobic digestion process (도시하수슬러지의 전처리에 따른 혐기성 소화공정의 생분해율 향상에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Chang-Min
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.87-95
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    • 2002
  • The slow degradation rate of sludge in anaerobic digestion is due to rate-limiting step of sludge hydrolysis. To upgrading of sludge hydrolysis and biodegradabiliry, the pre-treatment had been carried out using acidlc (pH 1.5, 3, 4, 5) and alkaline (pH 9, 10, 13), thermal (50, 100, 150, $200^{\circ}C$), and ultrasonic treatment (400W, 20kHz, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90min). In the best conditions of each treatment, the Soluble SCOD Ratio(%)of treated/untreated sample were increased 102% in acid (pH5), 986% in alkali (pH 13), 595% in thermal ($200^{\circ}C$) and 1123% in ultrasonic (35min) treatment. As the result, the ultrasonic treatment was most effective, followed by alkali, thermal, acid treatment. In the effects of total gas productivity in vial test, the thermal ($200^{\circ}C$) pre-treatment was the highest, followed by thermal ($150^{\circ}C$), ultrasonic (90min), alkaline (pH 9), and ultrasonic (50min). We compared untreated samples and the most efficient pre-treatment samples(at $200^{\circ}C$, for 30min) on gas productivity with changes of HRT in continuous experiments IN thermal treated samples were 2.5 times in SCOD, 2 times in soluble protein and 3.3 times high in soluble carbohydrate than untreated ones. In gas productivity, the thermal treated samples were average 2 times high than untreated ones. And HRT 7 days was most effective. followed by HRT 10, HRT 15 days. But The gas productiviry of HRT 2.5 days was less than untreated, the reason of low gas productivity was come from high organic acids accumulation within reactor.

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Comparison of Methane Production in Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo) Fed Different Grain Sources (곡류 사료원별 육성기 한우 장내발효에 의한 메탄가스 배출량 비교)

  • Seol, Yong-Joo;Kim, Kyoung-Hoon;Baek, Youl-Chang;Lee, Sang-Cheol;Ok, Ji-Woun;Lee, Kang-Yeon;Hong, Seong-Koo;Park, Kyu-Hyun;Choi, Chang-Weon;Lee, Sung-Sil;Oh, Young-Kyoon
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.53 no.2
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    • pp.161-169
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    • 2011
  • Methane production during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen represents an energy loss to the host animal and induces emissions of greenhouse gases in the environment. Our study focused on comparison in methane production from growing Korean native steers fed different grain sources. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 2.80 kg), 40% timothy and 60% barley concentrate (Barley) or corn concentrate (Corn), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring times. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production per day. Different grain sources did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. The mean methane concentrations per day were 202.0 and 177.1 ppm for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission averaged 86.8 and 77.7 g/day for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the growing steers fed barley based concentrate was higher than the steers fed corn based concentrate (Barley vs. Corn, 31.7 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ vs. 28.4 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$). Thus, methane conversion rate was 0.065 (6.5%) and 0.055 (5.5%) for Barley and Corn, respectively.

Effect of economic growth, industrial structure, efficiency improvement, decarbonization of power sector and fuel substitution for the transition to low carbon society by 2050 (2050년 저탄소 사회로의 전환을 위한 경제성장, 산업구조, 효율개선, 전력 탈탄소화와 연료 대체의 효과)

  • Park, Nyun-Bae;Hong, Sungjun;Park, Sang Yong
    • Journal of Energy Engineering
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.61-72
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    • 2014
  • This paper analyzed transition pathways toward a low carbon society in Korea to meet global $2^{\circ}C$ climate target. Lower economic growth, industrial structure change, enhance of energy demand management, decarbonization of power sector, and replacement of low carbon fuel could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from fuel combustion in 2050 by 67% against in 2011, or by 74% against in BAU (Business-As-Usual). Lower economic growth contributes to 13% of cumulative emission reduction relative to BAU, industrial structure change 9%, enhance of energy demand management 72%, decarbonization of power sector 5% and replacement of low carbon fuel 1% respectively. Final energy consumption in 2050 needs to be reduced to 50% relative to 2011, or to 41% relative to BAU. Nuclear, coal and renewable energy represent 31%, 40%, 2% respectively among electricity generation in 2011, but 38%, 2%, 32% in 2050. CCS represents 23% of total generation in 2050. Emission intensity of electricity in 2050 was decreased to 19% relative to 2011, or to 24% relative to BAU. Primary energy in 2050 was decreased to 64% compared to 2011, or to 44% compared to BAU. Final energy consumption, primary energy supply and GHG emission from fuel combustion from 1990 to 2011 increased by 176%, 197%, 146%. Radical change from historical trend is required to transit toward a low carbon society by 2050. Appropriate economic growth, structural change to non-energy intensive industries, energy technology research, development and deployment (RD&D) in terms of enhancement of energy efficiency and low carbon energy supply technologies, and fuel change to electricity and renewable energy are key instruments.

Composite Gas Measurement System using NDIR Method (NDIR 방법을 이용한 복합 가스 측정 시스템)

  • Eo, Ik-soo
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.624-629
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    • 2018
  • The current study was conducted to develop a portable composite gas detector allowing the detection of both $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ gases by means of the Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) method. The gas detector is configured to radiate infrared waves using infrared lamps, where the wavelength of the infrared light is reduced due to absorption throughout the chamber, and this reduction (absorption) is detected by the absorption detector, before being converted and amplified to a 3.5V~6V electrical signal, providing as accurate a measurement as possible. The conventional singe sensor method measures the relative measurement by absorbing only specified wavelengths of infrared radiation, which in the case of gas detection leads to problems with accuracy due to the lack of a reference sensor when detecting light with a wavelength of only $4.26{\mu}m$. The dual sensor employed in this study provides a comparative measurement between the reference value derived from the wavelength of $3.91{\mu}m$, which is not influenced by other gas sources, and the measurement value derived from the wavelength of $4.26{\mu}m$, in order to reduce the errors and enhance the reliability, thereby allowing low power consumption for portable devices and multi-gas detection for both $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ gases. The portable composite gas detector developed herein provides a measurement rage of 0ppm~5,000ppm for $CO_2$ gas, and 0.5%vol for $CH_4$, which allows the determination of whether the $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ contents in indoor air are less than 1,000ppm or not. The current study established that the composite gas detector can be interlinked with firefighting appliances through portable devices or home automation, and is anticipated to be very effective in fire prevention.

Freeze Treatment of Sludge for the Biogas Production from Brown Macroalgae (슬러지 냉동처리에 의한 갈조류로부터 바이오가스 생산)

  • Kim, Ji-Youn;Jeong, Haeng Soon;Woo, Dae-Sik;Kim, Sang-Min;Kim, In Soo;Lee, Jae-Hwa
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.594-598
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    • 2012
  • In the present study, biogas was produced from the anaerobic digestion of marine macroalgae (Laminaria japonica) biomass. The optimal anaerobic condition for producing the sludge was the freeze treatment at $-70^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. Total amounts of hydrogen and methane gas produced were 667.28 mL/L and 3420.24 mL/L, respectively, which were 2.7 and 3.4 times greater than that in the control group. Freeze treatment of sludge produced the maximum biogas under an initial optimum pH of 7.0 and the maximum biomass at an initial optimum pH of 8.0. We confirmed that biogas production was greatly reduced under acidic conditions compared to that under alkaline conditions. Sludge was freeze treated, and the biomass and sludge production was optimal the total amounts of hydrogen and methane gas produced were 643.73 mL/L and 4291.6 mL/L, respectively, which were 2.6 and 4.3 times greater than in the control group. Also the results showed that under optimal conditions in a 5-L bioreactor, a maximum of 1605.03 mL/L of hydrogen and 4593.71 mL/L of methane gas could be produced by the substrate contained in the marine macroalgae biomass.

Effect of Food Waste Mixing on Hydrogen Gas Production in Anaerobic Digestion of Brown Water from Urine Diversion Toilet (소변분리변기오수(Brown water)의 혐기성 처리 시 음식물 쓰레기 혼합에 따른 수소생산 특성)

  • Seong, Chung-Yeol;Yoon, Cho-Hee;Seo, Gyu-Tae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.36 no.12
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    • pp.865-872
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    • 2014
  • The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of addition of food waste in brown water for anaerobic hydrogen production. Batch experiment was carried out to determine appropriate food waste to brown water mixing ratio. Maximum hydrogen yield of $6.92mmol\;H_2/g\;COD_{removed}$ was obtained at 70% food waste and 30% brown water. Semi-pilot scale reactor was operated based on result of batch experiment. Semi-pilot reactor operated, mixing 70% food waste and 30% brown water showed significant increment in butyric acid concentration. B/P (Butyric to propionic acid ratio) which is considered as governing factor for hydrogen production was found high (52.64). Maximum hydrogen yield of $25.03mmol\;H_2/g\;COD_{removed}$ was obtained. Result of this study concluded that mixing of food waste to brown water at appropriate ratio assists in enhanced hydrogen fermentation.

Experimental Study on Moisture Content According to Addition of Surfactants (계면활성제 첨가에 따른 함수율에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Nam-Kyun;Rie, Dong-Ho
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.79-83
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    • 2015
  • The fire accident is a representative type of disaster that can largely impact on business. Therefore, precautionary measures and rapid initial response is very important when a disaster occurs. The storage of porous combustibles is inevitable in coal yard, plywood processing industry, and others that are currently operating. Initial fire fighting of fire and identifying the ignition point in such a porous combustible storage space are so difficult that if the initial response is failed, being led to deep-seated fire, surface fire is likely to result in secondary damage. In addition, deep-seated fire can cause personal injuries and property damage due to a large amount of toxic gases and reignition. Therefore damage reduction measures is required around the storage space to handle a porous flammable. Improving the penetration performance of the concentration of the surfactant is carried out as underlying study, which is about an deep-seated fire extinguishing efficiency augmentation when using wetting agents. The porous materials used in the experiments is radiata pine wood flour, which occupies more than 75% of the domestic wood market. Fire fighting water is selected as Butyl Di Glycol (BDG), which is being used for infiltration extinguishing agent, and the experiment was carried out by producing a standard solution. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Deep-Seated Fire Test of NFPA 18. The amount of watering, porous material to the internal amount of penetration, and runoff measurement out of the porous material was conducted. According to experimental results, as the surface tension is reduced, the surfactant concentration macroscopic penetration rate decreases, but infiltration to a porous material is shown to have growth characteristics.

Effect of the Salt Concentration in Seafood Wastewater on the High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion (수산물 가공폐수내 염분농도가 고율 혐기성 소화에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Yong-Bum;Han, Dong-Joon;Lee, Hae-Seung;Kwon, Jae-Hyouk
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.35 no.10
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    • pp.730-736
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to examine the effects of the salt concentration in seafood wastewater on the high-rate anaerobic digestion process. In the general high-rate anaerobic process test, the TCODcr removal efficiency at 6 hr or more HRT was 81.1~0.7%, and the optimal HRT for seafood wastewater process was found to be 6 hr or more. The methane content in the biogas was 70.1~76.8% during the operation, and was hardly affected by the change in the influent load. The results of the anaerobic digestion efficiency according to the salt concentration showed that the removal efficiency of TCODcr was 83.4~89.2% below a $4,000mgCl^-/L$ salt concentration, and mid-70% at a $5,000mgCl^-/L$ salt concentration. Therefore, the salt concentration had to be kept below $4,000mgCl^-/L$ to ensure stable treatment efficiency. Below a $3,000mgCl^-/L$ salt concentration, the methane generation was 0.2999~0.346$m^3CH_4/kgCODrem.$, which was similar to the theoretical methane gas generation in STP condition ($0.35m^3CH_4/gTCODrem.$). The methane content in the biogas was 64.7~73.3% below a $3,000mgCl^-/L$ salt concentration, but decreased with an increase in the salt concentration, to 50.1~56.9% at a $4,000mgCl^-/L$ concentration.