• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

This study was carried out the normal serial ultrasonographic appearance of the postpartum uterine involution with small pet bitches. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in small pet bitches (Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Shih-tzu). In the Miniature Schnauzer bitches, uterine diameter of the placental sites and interplacental sites were decreased from $24.31{\pm}1.65\;mm$ at 1 day to $13.56{\pm}0.76\;mm$at 7 day, and $15.19{\pm}1.28\;mm$ at 1 day to $10.41{\pm}0.76\;mm$ at 7 day postpartum. In the Cocker Spaniel, the placental sites and interplacental sites were decreased from $24.90{\pm}1.62\;mm$ at 1 day to $14.14{\pm}1.21\;mm$at 7 day, and $15.33{\pm}1.47\;mm$ at 1 day to $10.19{\pm}0.83\;mm$ at 7 day postpartum. In the Shih-tzu, the placental sites and interplacental sites were decreased from $23.96{\pm}1.55\;mm$at 1 day to $13.84{\pm}0.94\;mm$ at 7 day, and $14.93{\pm}1.29\;mm$ at 1 day to $9.98{\pm}0.84\;mm$ at 7 day postpartum. And uterine diameter was no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). At 67 days, the uterine diameter in Miniature Schnauzer bitches were 6~7 mm both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns showed uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. In present study, the involution of the uterus was completed at 67 days after parturition in Miniature Schnauzer, and 65 days in Cocker Spaniel and the Shih-tzu. There were no significant differences of normal postpartum uterine involution between small pet bitches (p>0.05). In conclusion, the postpartum involution of small pet bitches appeared to be completed normally at 65~67 days after parturition and could be identified by gross findings such as vaginal discharges and ultrasonographic findings of uterine shape and echogenicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2001

When an oil-spilling accident occurs at sea, it is of the primary importance to predict the amount of oil leakage for the swift response and decision-making. The simplest method of oil-leakage estimation is based on the hydrostatic pressure balance between oil inside the tank and seawater outside of leakage hole, that is the so-called Torricelli equilibrium relation. However, there exists discrepancy between the reality and the Torricelli relation, since the latter is obtained from the quasi-steady treatment of Bernoulli equation ignoring viscous friction. A preliminary experiment has been performed to find out the oil-leaking speed and shape. Soy-bean oil inside the inner tank was ejected into water of the outer tank through four different leakage holes to record the amount of oil leakage. Furthermore, a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) method was utilized to simulate the experimental situation. The Wavier-Stokes equations were solved for two-density flow of oil and water. VOF method was employed to capture the shape of their interface. It is found that the oil-leaking speed varies due to the frictional resistance of the leakage hole passage dependent on its aspect ratio. The Torricelli factor relating the speed predicted by using the hydrostatic balance and the real leakage speed is assessed. For the present experimental setup, Torricelli factors were in the range of 35%~55% depending on the aspect ratio of leakage holes. On the other hand, CFD results predicted that Torricelli factor could be 52% regardless of the aspect ratio of the leakage holes, when the frictional resistance of leakage hole passage was neglected.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2001

This study was undertaken to determine the normal serial ultrasonographic appearance of the postpartum uterine involution in small pet dogs (Yorkshire terrier and Maltese). Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored by ultrasonography in 12 small pet dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum. The excretory period of vaginal discharge in 12 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely within 3 weeks postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to polygonal. This lasted until 15.75$\pm$3.84 days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was a beaded appearance until 30.89$\pm$4.25 days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Uterine wall was represented as very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic myometrium, hyperechoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first week postpartum, and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. The thickness of myometrium was decreased rapidly in the placental sites from 4.47$\pm$1.42 mm at 1 day to 1.92$\pm$0.26 mm at 16 day, and in the interplacental sites from 3.19$\pm$0.61 mm at 1 day to 1.39$\pm$0.61 mm at 16 day. And it was decreased slowly until 94 day and was been minimum thickness at 94 day. The thickness of endometrium was also decreased like that of myometrium. The uterine diameter in the placental sites was decreased from 22.28$\pm$3.01 mm at 1 day to 16.11$\pm$1.46 mm at 7 day, and in the interplacental sites was decreased from 13.65$\pm$2.34 mm at 1 day to 9.41$\pm$1.59 mm at 7 day postpartum. From 7 day to 93 day, the change of diameter was more and more slow. At 94 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was 5~6 mm both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at 94 days. It was concluded that normal post partum uterine involution in small pet dogs appeared to be completed 94 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.235-238
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of canine ophthalmic diseases in Seoul, Korea using data for new canine patients examined from January 2009 through December 2013 at an ophthalmic referral center (WooSung Animal Medical Center, Seoul). The study included 1253 dogs with an average age of 7.93 years (SD, 4.06). Shih Tzu (29.4%) was the most common breed, followed by Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, and toy Poodle (P < 0.01). Lens diseases (28.3%) were the most common, followed by eyelid, corneal, retinal, and glaucomatous diseases (P < 0.01). Lens, eyelid, retinal, nasolacrimal, uveal, vitreous, and neuro-ophthalmic diseases more frequently showed a bilateral occurrence (P < 0.01) than a unilateral occurrence. In the Shih Tzu breed, corneal disease was the most frequent, followed by lens, eyelid, retinal, and glaucomatous diseases. The most frequent diseases in the Maltese breed were lens, eyelid, retinal, and corneal diseases. In the Yorkshire Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, and toy Poodle breeds, lens disease was the most common (P < 0.01). The most frequent ophthalmic patients belonged to small breeds such as Shih Tzu, Maltese, and Yorkshire Terrier. Moreover, the most common ophthalmic diseases were not traumatic diseases, but breed-inherited diseases such as lens diseases.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed from 15 days after ovulation until parturition to determine the time of first detection and ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal and extra-fetal structures in pregnant 10 Maltese, 10 Yorkshire Terrier, 15 Shih-tzu, and 10 Miniature Schnauzer bitches, respectively. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml. The gestational length was $63.4{\sim}63.6$ (range: $61{\sim}65$) days and the geatational length was no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the extra-fetal structures were; gestational sac at days $18.9{\sim}19.5\;(17{\sim}22)$, zonary placenta at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}28)$, yolk sac membrane at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}27)$, yolk sac tubular shape at days $26.1{\sim}26.3\;(24{\sim}28)$, and amniotic membrane at days $26.1{\sim}28.2\;(24{\sim}31)$, respectively. The time of the first detection of the extra-fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the fetal structures were; embryo initial detection at days $22.5{\sim}22.9\;(21{\sim}24)$, heartbeat at days $23.2{\sim}23.8\;(21{\sim}25)$, embryo bipolar shape $27.6{\sim}28.9\;(26{\sim}30)$, fetal movement at days $31.9{\sim}32.8\;(27{\sim}34)$, limb buds at days $29.1{\sim}30.7\;(27{\sim}33)$, stomach at days $31.1{\sim}33.1\;(29{\sim}34)$, urinary bladder at days $32.4{\sim}33.2\;(29{\sim}35)$, skeleton at days $34.7{\sim}35.9\;(34{\sim}39)$, and kidney at days $42.1{\sim}44.7\;(41{\sim}48)$, respectively. The the time of the first detection of the fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). These results indicate the evaluation of the time of first detection and ultrasonographic characteristics of the gestational structures might be useful for pregnancy diagnosis, estimating fetal age, embryonic resorption, fetal monster, abnormal fetal growth and fetal viability, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 2002

In recent, distraction osteogenesis has been used to correct skeletal malformations and discrepancies in the craniofacial area. It also seems to be considered as an alternative in the treatment of severe midfacial hypoplasia. There are some types of distractors for midfacial distraction such as subcutaneous distractors and rigid external distractors. We used a rigid external distractor for correction (RED) of craniofacial hypoplasia. Seven patients underwent a midfacial distraction osteogenesis with a rigid external distractor between April 2000 and July 2001. Three patients suffered from Apert's syndrome, three patients from Crouzon's syndrome, and one patient suffered from midfacial hypoplasia due to midfacial radiotheraphy during childhood. On average, the mean distance of distraction was 19.8mm ($10{\sim}25mm$) and the distraction lasted for 24 days. The patients showed no severe complications like infections, optic disturbance, or wrong distraction vectors. One patient complained pain on the site of the occipital fixation of the distractor. In one patient who underwent subtotal craniectomy 3 months before Le Fort III distraction, the distractor was dislocated as the cranial bone was too weak to support the distractor. This report reveals that the application of rigid external distractor and transfacial pull results in an exact control of the distraction vectors and an excellent correction of midfacial hypoplasia without any severe complications.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics such as volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm abnormality on whole semen, removed seminal plasma(RSP) semen and fractional semen of small dogs, and the effect of temperature and preservatio time and cryopreservation on motility of whole and removed seminal plasma semen. Multiple ejaculates were collected from small dogs by the digital manipulation of penis. 1. Average sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rates of whole semen and RSP semen were 5.07$\pm$2.32$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.42$\pm$2.65%, 4.42$\pm$0.157% and 4.69$\pm$3.27~4.25$\pm$3.65$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 91.17$\pm$3.85~88.52$\pm$3.85%, 6.57$\pm$0.43~5.54$\pm$0.52%, respectively. 2. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 1st fractional semen were 0.92$\pm$0.7$m\ell$, 4.57$\pm$0.78$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 10.72$\pm$3.21% and 5.50$\pm$0.70%. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 2nd fractional semen were 2. 14$\pm$0.19$m\ell$, 2.01$\pm$0.12$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.44$\pm$4.21% and 4.31$\pm$0.53%. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 3rd fractional semen were 2.66$\pm$0.23$m\ell$, 2.35$\pm$0.21$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 90.71$\pm$2.63%, 6.33$\pm$0.91%, respectively. 3. Motility of whole semen and RSP semen were higher at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than at 4$^{\circ}C$ or 37$^{\circ}C$. When preservation temperature was 2$0^{\circ}C$, sperm motility were 98.32% at 1 hr, 92.15% at 5 hrs, 90.23% at 10 hrs 82.08% at 15 hrs 70.07% at 20 hrs 60.02% at 20 hrs 37.19% at 40 hrs respectively. 4. Average sperm motility of frozen 2nd fraction semen and RSP semen were 33.3$\pm$8.7, 54.7$\pm$9.5%, respectively. Sperm motility was significantly higher in frozen 2nd fraction semen and RSP semen compared with control group.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes and the prognosis of various surgical treatments for the distal clavicle fracture with an acromioclavicular joint injury. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 21 patients with a minimum of 12 months follow up was done. We classified acromioclavicular (AC) injury into type I (only intra-articular fracture (IAF), 5 cases), type II (IAF with widening of the AC joint > 7 mm, 9 cases) and type III (IAF with AC joint superior subluxation > 50%, 7 cases). The distal clavicle fractures were fixed using plate (9 cases), mini screws (1 case), K wire and tension band wiring (10 cases) and transarticular pinning (1 case). Acromioclavicular or coracoacromial ligament reconstruction was not done in all the cases. Results: In 20 of 21 cases, bone union was achieved at an average of 8.4 weeks. Traumatic arthritis (5 cases), AC joint widening (4 cases) and AC joint subluxation (2 cases) were noted at the last follow up. The average UCLA score was 32.6 in the type I AC joint injuries, 34 in type II and 34.1 in type III. There was no relationship between the clinical outcomes and the preoperative AC joint injury pattern, postoperative traumatic arthritis, AC joint widening or AC joint subluxation (p>0.05). Conclusion: Satisfactory results were achieved by acute reduction and firm fixation of the distal clavicle fracture with AC joint injury. There was no relationship between the pattern of AC joint injury, the residual radiologic findings and the functional outcome.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the surgical results of early mobilization after rigid fixation of small coronoid fracture using the tension band technique Materials and Methods: Eight cases of coronoid fracture were fixed with the tension band technique and using K-wire and wire through the medial approach. All the cases were Regan-Morrey type 2. According to O'Driscoll, they were classified as 5 cases of the tip type (subtype 2) and 3 cases of the anteromedial type (1 case of subtype 2, and 2 case of subtype 3). The associated collateral ligament injuries (6 cases) and radial head/neck fractures (4 cases) were managed simultaneously. After immobilization for 5~7 days, active ROM exercise with a fitted hinge brace started and continued till postoperative 6 weeks. The patients were assessed for pain, ROM and functional disability using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) at an average of 11 months (range: 6~28 months). The ulnar nerve symptoms were also investigated. Results: We observed solid union in all the coronoid fractures without hardware failure. An average of 2.2 wires (range: 2~4) were used. The mean extension was $3^{\circ}$(range: $0^{\circ}\sim25^{\circ}$), the mean flexion was $137^{\circ}$(range: $130^{\circ}\sim140^{\circ}$), the mean pronation was $69^{\circ}$(range: $45^{\circ}\sim90^{\circ}$) and the mean supination was $78^{\circ}$(range: $45^{\circ}\sim90^{\circ}$). The mean MEPS was 96 (range: 65~100). Ulnar nerve symptoms occurred at postoperative one day and persisted in one patient with the terrible triad of taking radial head excision and residual medial instability. Conclusion: The tension band technique uses easily obtained, economic K-wires and the wire was strong enough to permit early elbow ROM exercise and the technique might improve the elbow function. It was especially useful for fixation of multiple small fragments.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.56-70
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• 2022

Tombs No. 39 and No. 63 in Gyo-dong, Changnyeong, are unique in the Changnyeong area in that they do not have additional burials because they are hoenggu-style tombs with an entrance on the north side. This study tried to understand the nature and meaning of the two separate stone walls at the entrance of the tomb along with the burial process of the tomb. These two stone walls mark small tombs built independently within a large tomb, with stone wall No. 39 stone wall No. 3 (No.39-3) and No. 63 stone wall No. 3 (No. 63-3). Both units are located in the middle of the northern wall of the burial body part and share one wall with the burial body part wall stone. All animal fluids inside the stone wall were identified. In particular, it was estimated that at least three dogs were buried as a result of identification of animal fluids No. 63-3. Above all, these animals have their heads facing outward with their backs to the main occupants, and do not overlap in a limited space and are placed side by side. Changnyeong Gyo-dong No. 39-3 and 63-3 were created in the process of building the burial body, and although they are independent relics, they form a subordinate relationship in that they were built along the main burial within one tomb. In addition, it is coercive in that it is placed in an orderly manner according to a certain direction in a state that has not been dismantled after killing an animal. Therefore, It is understood to be the SHUNJANG of dogs. Studies on animal fluids excavated from tombs in the Three Kingdoms period are interpreted as animal stewardship, sacrificial collection, and animal sacrifice depending on their location, and this is known as a series of animal sacrifice rites, namely, animal stewardship and sacrifice. This recognition is based on material objectification of animals, such as food or sacrifices. However, Changnyeong Gyo-dong No. 39-3 and 63-3 are different in that they recognize animals as spiritual beings in the process of funeral rites and are closely related to the ideology that there is life after death. In addition, analysis of the location and directionality of the remains is also required from multiple angles. These two SHUNJANG correspond to the entrance to the tomb, and the location is the most open space at the entrance. The appearance of a dog looking outward, etc., can also be interpreted as the meaning of protecting the tombs and byeoksa. This appearance can be compared with the dog depicted in a mural in a Goguryeo tomb that reflects the ancient world's thought and stone figures excavated from the tomb of King Muryeong of Baekje, and it is also consistent with the meaning of the JINMYOSU protecting the ancient tombs. This suggests that a multifaceted study on animal fluid burial remains is needed in the future.