• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2000

The optimal congestion charge in transportation economics corresponds to the solution to the welfare maximization Problem for users of a certain road link where congestion takes Place. This congestion charge is in nature the optimal Price of the transportation facility, which is derived by the Partial equilibrium analysis on that facility. Therefore it is not certain that this congestion charge can maximize the well-being of all the users of the total transportation network, since the analysis does not count the impact of the congestion charge on traffic volumes of other links. This study suggests an alternative approach to estimate the optimal congestion charge. The key difference of this study from Previous ones is to derive the solution through the general equilibrium analysis on a market where several transportation facilities as well as Private goods are available to consumers. This approach shows a set of solutions a little different from the Previous one, which are explained below. The optimal congestion charge is derived for two different cases. One is the situation of which the congestion charge is levied on every transportation facility In this case, the optimal solution of each facility should equate the marginal utility of every user to the marginal cost of the corresponding facility. This analysis result in general equilibrium coincides with the Previous analysis result in partial equilibrium. However this result cannot apply to another case of which the charge is imposed only on a certain transportation facility. In this case, the optimal charge on a certain transportation facility should be less than the optimal congestion charge of partial equilibrium analysis.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-40
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• 2002

According to the secondary data, private brand(PB)'s share of retail sales is 25-30% in the USA, but about 45 in Korea. In Korea PB's average price is 23.3% less than manufacturer brand. It is very interest that PB's price advantage doesn't have a good effect on it's share of retail sales. This research's objective is to study why Korean consumers don't purchase private brand cheaper than manufacturer brand. A theoretical reasoning depends on information cue theory and means-ends model of perceived value. A unit of analysis is consumers who purchase private brand at E-mart in Pusan city, one of largest discount store in Korea. Hypothesis tested by Lisrel's structural equation model and interesting results as follows: First, favorable brand image among extrinsic cues is most positively correlated with perceived quality/sacrifice and intrinsic cues is also statistically significant. This fact imply that intrinsic cues; package, logo, country of origin are very important in the adoption of private brand in Korea. Second, compared with manufacturer's brand, PB's perceived price is positively correlated with perceived quality/sacrifice. This fact imply a assimilation effect between manufacturer's brand and private brand. Finally, a correlation between perceived sacrifice and PB proneness is satistically insignificant, but perceived quality has a significant effect on its proneness. this fact imply that innovators(about 4% of potential consumer) are risk-taker.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.103-129
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• 2007

One of the most enduring concepts in the history of marketing thought relates to the classification of consumer goods. The product classification theory first proposed by Copeland(1923) has, with little modification, survived to the present day, and continues to be endorsed by the American Marketing Association and other related institutions some 80 years after it was first published. In truth, Copeland's classification is now outdated and bears little, if any, relevance to modern product advertising, retailing and consumption. In particular, it can not accommodate the fact that, in modern societies, consumer preoccupations with style, personal identity and status have meant that the social characteristics of goods, heavily promoted by brand managers who understand their markets, are key determinants of consumer choice and buyer behavior. In this respect, the author attempted to explore the reasons why product classification theory has been unresponsive to changes in market conditions over so many years and argue that its failure to embrace the many social influences on consumption and on consumer behavior is now its most serious weakness. And also, the author proposed the new categorization system of goods, based on the several existing literatures.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.501-513
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• 2020

Femvertising campaigns are more easily observed in oversea rather than in Korea. Most recently, not only global companies but local consumer goods companies launched several femvertising campaigns. However, no research was done on effects of femvertising in Korea. Thus, this study will explore Korean college students' understanding of, attitude toward, and effects of femvertising through focus group interviews. Study results found that college students have low level of understanding on the concept of femvertising. However, they are somewhat familiar with contents of femvertising. Femvertising is believed to have positive impacts on gender equality and female empowerment whereas there are growing concerns over commercializing feminism. Study participants, regardless of gender, suggest that femvertising could influence consumers' attitude toward advertising and brand, but they are skeptical of purchase intention. Lastly, female participants suggest that femvertising, compared to traditional advertising, will enhance attitude toward ads and brand, and even have a positive impact on feminism. However, male participants suggest that femvertising may exacerbate the gender conflict between males and females which is called as 'misandry' or 'misogyny'.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.534-549
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• 2012

This study analyzed the effects of housing wealth on the balance accounts of elderly households with an age of over 60 facing the asset decumulation period, capitalizing upon an ordered logit model for the 2011 household finance survey data. Out of some variables representing personal and social characteristics, the age and waged worker variables had a positive effect, but the number of household, low education level, living in the apartment and capital region variables negatively affected the balance accounts of elderly households. Some variables reflecting economic wealth and financial strategies such as the attitude of risk-taking, ordinary income and the ratio of financial assets had a positive impact, but other variables such as DSR did a negative one on the balance accounts of the elderly households. The ownership of housing wealth variable positively, but the ratio of housing assets variable negatively affected the balance accounts of the elderly households, which could be derived from the duality of housing as both consumption goods and assets. However, the ownership of other real estates and the ratio of them in the total assets variables had a negative impact on the balance accounts of the elderly households. Furthermore, since the financial asset-debt ratio worsened the balance accounts of the elderly households with both housing and other real estates, it is implied that the purchase of real estates with excessive bank loans could make them dangerous.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1056-1063
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• 2012

Recent rapidly growth in nanotechnolgies is promised novel benefits through the exploitation of their unique industrial and biomedical applications. With increasing utilization of nanomaterials in consumer products, the potential release of nanomaterials into the environment and their impacts on the ecosystem and human health have been the issues of concern. Nanomaterials that was exposed unintentionally in environment might be accumulated in various environmental media, and finally it will be influenced to human and ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to understand the fate and behavior of nanoparticles for understanding effects on environmental media (air, water, and soil phase). Therefore, in this work, we investigated the several cases for environmental exposure of nanomaterials and suggested the direction of further research. In workplace, exposure to air media is dominant, but finally waste and wastewater was moved to the water and soil phase. In addition, we found the existing sewage treatment plant was not suitable to remove completely nanomaterials in wastewater flow. To deeper study, environmental monitoring tool must be developed additionally and we suggested the several analyzing method for aged and pristine physicochemical properties of nanomaterials exposed into environmental media. This review for nanomaterials' exposure to environmental media will be helpful to investigate the environmental fate of nanomaterials and define the suitable treatment method for nano-waste.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.293-302
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• 2002

China in the era of economic transition has conducted the housing reform policy over the past 20 years. Housing providing systems have changed from the free distributing housing system under the governmental planning to the monetary housing system for individual customers. The 1998 monetary housing distribution policy, which ended the 20-year Chinese housing reform, departed from the direct distribution system that had blocked housing commodification. The purpose of the housing reform was to provide and reproduce housing without the expenses of the Chinese government and work unit (danwei), which is different from Russia. In order to achieve the housing reform, the Chinese government introduced various policies, which enabled residents to purchase housing by themselves. However, it took long for residents, who had taken government's welfare system granted, to accept housing as goods. In addition, the Chinese government's efforts to reproduce housing by market systems failed because housing was closely linked to land and was expensive consumption goods, which differentiates housing from other goods that can be commodified through market prices and diverse ownerships. Accordingly, despite a political burden, the Chinese government waived the real distribution policy for housing. After the waiver, the housing commodification process excelled through the private housing markets.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.211-231
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• 2011

RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA(Vertical Marketing System) developed by the Japanese Leading Manufacturers began to turn weak with the presence of the large- scaled retail enterprises since 1980’s. Therefore the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors that were in the conflict relations for a long time began to progress. In accordance with this change in the distribution channel practice, the stance of the distribution channel theory in Japan had also changed. As the normative researcher group who had been critical to RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA and sympathetic to the task of merchant judged that it would disappear sooner or later, they considered positively the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors which the latter were in dominant position. On the other hand, even the empirical researchers who supported the affirmative function of RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA changed their standpoint. They recognized the new channel practice, in other words the vertical alliances between the power companies, would be the frontier of research in accordance with the impetus of positivism in terms of the Marketing methodology. Thus, researchers of distribution channel theory in Japan who supported the normative approach become few and even changed to hurry to absorb in the empirical research, while moving the main focus of the research from RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA to the Alliances. In the long run, the distribution channel theory which was regarded as the leading principle of the Japanese Marketing has just made the methodological paradigm shift. The author suggests a critical viewpoint against the current Japan’s academism with the assumption that RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA has negative aspects.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2012

With the development of nanotechnology, nano-consumer products have been popularized. For the past 10 years, potential risk of nanomaterials to human and environment have been raised carefully. Especially, workers, who directly handle nanomaterials in laboratories and manfacturers, will lead to direct exposure of nanomaterials. Therefore, direct exposure assessment and field monitoring of nanomaterials are required to assess and manage the nanomaterial exposure to human and environment. In this work, two nano-manufacturing companies, which had plasma and sol-gel processes, were selected to analyze the main exposure source and process with in-situ SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer) and ex-situ TEM (transmission electron microscopy). The results showed that the colloidal nanoparticle in liquid phase was easily evaporated and monitored by SMPS. Most serious thing is that the workers does not know about the potential risk of nanomaterials, and thus they are not taking proper protection activities, such as PPE (personal protective equipment). Therefore, exposure assessment for nanomaterial handling facilities should be additionally carried out, and nano-safety management protocols are also provided.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.111-120
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• 2010

Looking at the application examples related to RFID systems around the world, it is easy to find that RFID systems are introduced in various industries, such as retail and consumer goods sectors, financial and security sectors, automotive and transport sector, leisure and sports sector, logistics, and health-related fields. This is because they can get their operational efficiency and competitiveness by means of product's visibility and transparency of information through RFID systems. However, it is required that evaluation of effectiveness on introducing RFID systems should be performed to strengthen construction willingness of RFID systems before actual introduction of the RFID systems in the process. This activity affects to introduction of RFID systems in industry-wide and then, will be able to create a synergy effect such as national industrial competitiveness improvement. The purpose of this study is to offer rational method on effectiveness analysis before and after RFID based process. Accordingly, the proposed Choquet fuzzy integral-based model will be allowed rational analysis by integrating quantitative and qualitative analysis. Through the effectiveness analysis of C company's RFID based process using the proposed evaluation model, we could identify that RFID-based logistics process was more effective than existing process.