• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.315-338
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the situation of bi-polarized consumption in China before and after the global financial crisis, to find the factors causing bi-polarized consumption, and to suggest some policies for Korean enterprises. The findings are as follows. First, before the global financial crisis, in China, there were bi-polarized consumption among classes, and between urban and rural areas, and bi-polarization of individual consumption. The sales of both low price goods and high price goods increased more than that of middle price goods. Second, after the global financial crisis, the trend of bi-polarized consumption in China is stronger than those of other countries. The sales of both low price goods and high price goods in China increase more than in other countries. Third, the factors causing bi-polarized consumption are bi-polarized income, black and grey incomes, "Mianz" culture, the increase of unemployment, and the changing form of family. Especially, the level of formal income is not only high, but the level of black and grey income is also very high. And "Mianz" culture means the conspicuous consumption. The degree of the conspicuous consumption of China is very high in comparison with other countries because "Mianz" culture is strong. Finally, the paper suggests strategies appropriate for bi-polarized consumption with Chinese characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2019.01a
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• pp.193-194
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• 2019

소비 양극화에 따라 중산층의 붕괴가 이어지고 있다. 실제 미국의 탄산음료 판매는 2015년 3%의 매출 하락폭을 보였고, 국내 소비 또한 GDP 대비 민간소비 비중이 5.1%포인트 감소하는 등 불황의 그림자가 짙게 드리워져 있다. 그러나 생활용품관련 소비의 감소에도 불구하고 명품 소비는 지속적으로 증가하는 등 소비의 양극화가 심화되고 있는 실정이다. 한편 오프라인 매출이 감소하고 있는 반면 온라인 매출은 지속적으로 증각하고 있는 상황에서 온라인 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 요인이 무엇인지를 알아보는 것은 의미있는 일이라 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 "결혼(mating goal)"을 프라이밍시키는 것이 남.녀의 의사결정에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 나아가 불확실한 의사결정상황에서 남녀의 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 추가로 살펴보았다. 연구결과 "결혼(mating goal)"을 프라이밍시키면 불공정한 제안을 거부하는 데 차이가 없지만, 여성의 경우에는 mating goal을 상기시키면 불공정한 제안을 더 많이 거부하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 mating goal이 여성들로 하여금 좀 더 자신의 의견을 강하게 표현하도록 하는데 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점을 보여주고 있다.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.141-149
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• 2017

Numerous products are on the market every day and consumption is becoming increasingly polarized. Some products have been introduced to the market for the first time and others are the existing products that have upgraded performance. For companies, new products must be released constantly to prevent losing existing customers and to increase loyalty. However, when companies released new product, they communicate consumer brand name and core benefits of the new product. Moreover, if a new product fails, the amount that the company has to pay is bound to grow. So companies often use brand extension strategies that use the names of famous brands that are already loved by their customers for new products. In this study, the effect of extension similarity, time of release, and message type on brand extension was investigated. Result shows that using abstract messages rather than specific messages is more effective when similarities with existing brands are poor. In particular, the closer the release period is, the more effective these effects are. However, in case of extending the brand with high similarity products, it is effective to focus on concrete messages when the release time is near, and to communicate abstract messages when the release time is long. This result suggests that companies should take into consideration not only the similarity of extension but also the timing and characteristics of messages when extending the brand.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.170-178
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• 2003

The income range of Korean households goes both extremities over a period of several years, and the consumption shows same phenomenon as well. The prestige market that brings a stable sales and profit for the corporations is full of foreign prestige brands in Korea. Furthermore, the market share of imported prestige brands is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, Korean corporations are still focusing on mass market and even acknowledge the comparative competitiveness of global prestige brands. This thesis aims to analyse the current prestige market and the strategy of global prestige brands in Korea, and to propose the strategy for Korean corporations.

• 주류산업
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.24-32
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• 2003

최근, 경기 침체가 지속되면서 의류, 가전제품, 자동차, 주류 등의 소비재를 중심으로 시장의 양극화가 점차 뚜렷해지고 있다. 과거 중가제품을 위주로 한 시장이 고가와 저가로 양분된 모습으로 재편되고 있는 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.479-482
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• 2003

비휘발성 메모리인 플래시 메모리는 가볍고, 전력 소비가 적으며, 충격에 대한 저항이 강한 특징이 있다. 그러나 플래시 메모리는 세그먼트당 삭제 횟수가 최악의 경우 10만 번 정도로 제한된다는 단점이 있어서, 만약 삭제가 특정 세그먼트에 집중된다면 전체 수명이 단축되게 된다. 하지만, 플래시 메모리의 모든 세그먼트가 골고루 사용된다면 수명을 연장시킬 수 있다. 이를 위해 저장되는 자료의 유형을 파악하여 Hot, Cold 그리고 Lukewarm 이라는 그룹별로 분리해서 관리한다. 단순한 분리는 사용 횟수의 양극화를 가져오지만, 양극화된 세그먼트에 반대 유형의 자료를 할당하고 관리하면 전체 세그먼트의 사용률을 균등하게 할 수 있다. 이를 위해, 쓰기와 클리닝 작업 외에 양극화의 패턴을 통해 유형을 결정해주는 루틴을 포함하였다.

• Survey Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2009

This study examines the changes of income, everyday life and living condition of consumer in the aftermath of financial crisis. In this period financial crisis was the crucial factor behind various social problems such as the dissolution of families and individuals. This research explores the range and degree of impact on individuals and social groups after the financial crisis. We explore the social mobility in terns of maintaining middle class and falling into the lower class measured by middle class identification. The 60% of the middle class before the financial crisis maintained the middle class position and the rest of people left out of middle class and fell into lower class. The 60% of those who has been maintained and has just became the members of middle class were college - educated people. The great part of people whose income and assets has increased after financial crisis belongs to college - educated group. Many of those whose income have decreased belong to the high school educated group and blow, the older than 50 years old, self - employed without employee and unpaid family employee. Those whose income and assets decreased and those who experienced downward mobility have undergone changes in everyday life and living conditions as a consumer. Many of them experienced the unemployment, nonpayment or credit - delinquency, dissolution of family, worsening health condition, depression, feeling the impulse to commit suicide simultaneously. The poor consumer disposition, reduction of living expenses, sound consumer culture have expanded to people since economic crisis. The middle class reported that the cost of private education often goes beyond the family ability to pay. The lower class has suffered from the cost of living. In a meanwhile luxury goods preference, consumer consciousness for status symbol have continuously increased among all the classes since 1997. Thus fluctuations of one's income and social mobility during past 10 years were some of the major determinants which brought about the various damaging life events, changes of living conditions and everyday lives as a consumer.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2013

전 세계적으로 반복적인 경기침체가 지속됨에 따라 소비자들의 소비 형태도 양극화되고, 식품 소비 패턴도 빠르게 변화하고 있어 영세 중소기업의 시장 진출이 점점 어려워지고 있다. 또한 지방자치단체마다 경쟁적으로 지역의 농산물가공 산업을 지원하면서 지역별로 생산되는 제품의 차별성을 확보하기 어려워지고 있다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해 횡성군은 농산물종합가공센터의 원활한 운영과 농산물가공 산업의 발전을 촉진하고자 사업을 추진하였다. 이는 원료조달 제조 가공 유통채널과의 연계를 촉진시켜 지역농업인, 공업인, 상업인의 협력체계를 구축하고자 지역 특성에 맞도록 농업인, 공업인, 상업인의 유기적 연대를 구성하고 서로의 장점을 살려 잘 팔리는 상품 및 서비스를 개발, 서로 상생할 수 있도록 지원하는 프로그램을 실제로 운영한 사례로 타 지역 식품산업 발전에 도움이 되었으면 한다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.457-479
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• 2013

Through a Chinese rise, Chinese dream is actualizing as the world's great power. According to outlook of World Bank and IMF, Around 2030 China will be a great power bigger than America's economic power. The rise of China will give a huge impact to the whole world. China expands her influence through a global manufacturing base and a global market. To actualize 'Peaceful Rise' Strategy, China has many constraints. Chinese society is facing many difficult social problem due to side effects of a rapid development. Such as the spread of corruption, the severity of wealth gap, environmental degradation and energy shortage. Internationally there are containment from hegemon so-called 'China threat' dispute, Taiwan issue and territorial disputes. Western countries are hostile to China for two reasons. Based on expectations, one is China's socialist system and the other is the rising China which will compete for supremacy with Europe and America. Recent emergence of Chinese nationalism and the containment of the neighboring countries are also serious limiting factors. Domestically they have the rampant corruption in the bureaucracy, weakened capacity of Communist rule, wealth disparity due to the discriminatory economic development strategy, seriousness of rural problem, social instability, lack of social security systems and the development gap between the eastern coastal areas and western inland areas, ethnic minorities problems, the constraint of sustainable development issues due to lack of resources, environmental pollution and energy constraints. Like the former Soviet Union, China may face a dismantlement. After the rise, China may encounter possibilities of a war between great powers or a collapse of Chinese society caused by deepening internal conflict. Serious economic polarization would make peasants and urban workers, who are social vulnerable people, to turn their back to communist party and threaten the justification and the appropriateness of the ruling communist party. Chinese government will think internal system security threat is more formidable risk factor than a system security threat from the hegemon. The decline of great country comes from internal reasons rather than external reasons. To achieve peaceful rise, unification with Taiwan is an essential prerequisite. Taiwan issues are complex problems which equipped with international and domestic factors. Lack of energy resources, environmental pollution in China will bring economic crisis to Korean enterprises. Important influence to Korean economy will be a changeover of the method in economic development. It will turn the balance of investment and consumption, GDP-centered growth to consumption and environment-centered growth. Services industries including finance, environment, culture, education, health care and social welfare will grow. Change in China's growth model will give a great challenge upon the intermediate goods industry in Korea. Korea should reduce the portion of machinery, automotive, semiconductor, steel and chemical-centered export industry to China, and should increase the proportion of the service industry.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.437-463
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• 2013

As polarization and class reproduction between generations are considered to be serious problems in Korean society, increasing number of assortative mating, which means marrying between homogeneous family background, income class, and educational background, is on the spotlight socially. Some worry that the increase of assortative mating can reinforce closure of social mobility so it deepens inequality and limits class mobility between generations. This research analyzes the effects of accomplishment characteristics of husbands and wives and ascriptive characteristics of parents which consist the concept of assortative mating, on income, consumption, and assets those represent economic status of a family. The purpose of this research is to suggest empirical understanding on the role of assortative mating that affect on inequality within generations and income mobility between generations in Korean society. In the result of multiple regression analysis on the effect of assortative mating on income, consumption, and assets, high educational background was the factor that increase income and consumption level as accomplishment characteristics of assortative mating. As ascriptive characteristics of assortative mating, educational homogeneous of fathers was the factor that increased asset level. While accomplishment characteristics affect income and consumption, ascriptive characteristics of homogeneous had significant effect on assets. Thus, it was found that transfer between generations had effects around asset rather than income. In particular, ascriptive characteristics in young husbands and wives aged 20s or 30s had significant effect only on the assets.