• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.29 no.9 s.335
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• pp.168-173
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• 1997

효과적인 백신 프로그램을 디자인하기 위해서는 질병과 면역에 대한 기본적인 이해가 필수적이다. 면역에 대해서 이해하기 위해서는 크게 체액성 면역과 세포성 면역으로 구분하여 이해하는 것이 유용할 수 있으며, 또한 이 두 가지 기전은 서로 상호협동적으로 작용한다는 사실을 이해하여야 한다. 숙주동물(닭)이 병원체이든 백신이든 일단 항원에 한 번 노출이 되면 이를 기억하는 기억 세포를 생성하여 두 번째 노출되었을 때 폭발적인 면역반응이 일어나도록 한다. 순환항체가 형성이 되면, 이 항체는 난황을 통하여 후대 병아리에게 전달될 수 있다. 면역의 형성은 백신이 가진 항원의 특성과 백신의 타입(생독, 사독)에 따라 다른 방식으로 나타난다. 면역에 대한 기본적인 개념을 충분히 숙지하고 다음의 사항을 고려하면 효과적인 백신 프로그램을 선택하기가 용이하다. (1) 전례 : 어떤 프로그램이 효과적이었는가? (2) 질병 : 어떤 질병이 문제가 되고 있는가? (3) 균주 : 균주의 차이는 중요한가? (4) 관리 : 백신의 사용을 불필요하게 할 효과적인 사양관리가 이루어질 수 있는가? (5) 모체이행항체 : 모체이행항체가 적절한 방어력을 가질 수 있을까? (6) 면역증강효과 : 그 중요성과 접종시기가 숙지되어 있는가? (7) 접종기술 : 접종기술에 문제가 있는데 프로그램이 제대로 효과를 발휘할 수 있을까?

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.492-499
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• 2008

Purpose : Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common gastrointestinal infections worldwide; it almost invariably causes chronic gastritis. Pediatric studies may provide important insights into the mucosal immune response of H. pylori-infection, as children are not submitted to environmental factors such as alcohol, tobacco and anti-inflammatory medication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mucosal immune response against H. pylori in clinically well-defined groups: H. pylori-positive (divided into peptic ulcer disease and gastritis) and H. pylori-negative control. Methods : Antral biopsies were obtained from 45 children undergoing an upper GI endoscopy for dyspeptic symptoms. T cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) and B cells (CD20+) were analyzed by quantitative immunohistochemistry. The correlation of lymphocyte subsets of gastric mucosa with histology was evaluated. Results : T cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) and B cells (CD20+) were significantly increased in the lamina propria of H. pylori-positive group (P<0.01). CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in the lamina propria of the H. pylori-positive peptic ulcer disease (P<0.01). Within the epithelium, only CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in the H. pylori-positive group (P<0.01). Gastric histological parameters had a closer correlation with lymphocytes in the lamina propria than intraepithelial lymphocytes. Conclusion : This study suggests that both T cells and B cells in the lamina propria play important roles in the local immune response of H. pylori-infected children. Furthermore, it remains to be elucidated whether CD8+ T cells in the lamina propria may contribute to peptic ulcer formation in H. pylori-infected children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.344-351
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• 2005

Nitric oxide (NO) and calcium-binding proteins occur in various types of cells in the central nervous system. They are important signaling and calcium buffering molecules, respectively. In the present study, using immunocytochemistry we examined the distribution and the co-localization pattern of neurons containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and parvalbumin in the visual cortex of hamster. The overall number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons was 17 times higher than that of the nNOS-IR neurons in the hamster visual cortex. The highest differences were found in layer V, where parvalbumin-IR neurons were 54.7 times more abundant than nNOS-IR neurons. Many nNOS- and parvalbumin-IR neurons were similar in size, shape, and manner of distribution in the visual cortex. However, two-color immunofluorescence revealed that no neurons in the hamster visual cortex expressed both nNOS and parvalbumin. The present results indicate that there are subtle species differences in the co-localization pattern between nNOS and calcium-binding proteins. The present results also suggest not only the heterogeneity and functional diversity of nNOS-IRneurons in the visual cortex, but also the importance of understanding animal diversity

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

An in vitro immune effector mechanism against the target encysted metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani was demonstrated in the rat system. Peritoneal exudate cells, mainly macrophages from normal rats, showed adherence to and killing of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani in the presence of complement-independent serum from rats infected with Paragonimus metacercariae. These reactions were specific for the excysted metacercariae, as tissue-migrating juvenile worms were not affected. Damage of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani due to antibody and macrophages was assessed by morphological observation, by cell adherence reaction and by the use of vital dyes. frypan blue dye exclusion proved to be a reliable indicator of judging metacercarial viability. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that macrophages reacted with fusty material on the tegumental surface and fine structures in the syncytium of the parasites. The tubular tunnels formed between the basement membrane and muscle layers of the damaged parasites were also noticeable. The relevance of these findings to cellular immunity in the early paragonimiasis was discussed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.83-100
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• 2007

목적 : 쥐의 콜라겐 유도 관절염에 대한 유근피 추출액의 면역 반응 효과 및 그 기전을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법 : 유근피 추출액의 면역 반응을 관찰하기 위하여 콜라겐 유도 관절염 쥐가 사용되었다. 실험에 쓰인 쥐 뒷다리의 부종 용적은 volume meter로 측정하였고, lymphocyte 증식, 표1, 표2 및 TNF-${\alpha}$ 레벨은 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolirun bromide(MTT) assay에의해 측정하였다. 활막세포의 cAMP 레벨은 경쟁적 단백 결합검사 (CPBA)를 통하여 측정하였다. 2형 콜라겐에 대한 항체는 효소면역 협착검사법(ELISA)을 반복 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 실험에서 유근피 추출액( 20， 80, 150mg/kg, ig ${\times}$ 7days)의 시술은 면역 반응을 억제하고 콜라겐 유도관절염 쥐의 체중과 면역 기관의 무게를 유지하였다. 콜라겐 유도 관절염 쥐에서 림프구의 증식과 IL-2의 생산은 복막의 대식세포 및 활막세포의 IL-1 , TNF-${\alpha}$와 함께 증가하였고, 유근피 추출액 (20, 80, 150mg/kg, ig ${\times}$ 7days)의 시술은 이러한 변화를 유의성 있게 감소시켰다. 0.5, 2.5, 12.5, 62.5, 125mg/l 농도에서의 유근피 추출액은 활막세포의 cAMP 레벨을 증가시킨데 반해 콜라겐 유도관절염 쥐에서의 시험관 실험결과에서는 감소시켰다. 유근피 추출액은 2형 콜라겐 항체의 농도에 대하여는 효과가 없었다. 결론 : 유근피 추출액은 항염증 작용과 면역조절 작용을 갖고 있고, 활막세포의 G protein-AC-cAMP transmembrane signal transduction 형질 도입 신호에의한 콜라겐 유도관절염 쥐의 치료 효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 2008

목적 : 만성 염증성 질환에 대한 전침효과를 알아보기 위해 complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA) 유발 관절염 모델의 거퇴 관절 내 염증관련 단백질 및 복합당질의 변화를 살펴보았다. 방법 : Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐의 족부에 CFA를 주사한 다음 3일 간격으로 2Hz, 15Hz 및 120Hz 전침자극을 주며 부종 형성여부를 plethysmometer로 측정하여 판정하였으며 30일째 거퇴관절을 취하여 4% paraformaldehyde에 고정하고 EDTA용액에서 탈회시켜 파라핀연속 절편을 얻어 $NF-{\kappa}B$를 비롯한 5종의 염증관련 단백질의 발현 및 복합당질 변화를 살펴보았다. 결과 : 관절연골 내 면역반응 중 연골기질은 반응이 없거나 약하고 연골세포는 $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS 반응이 강하며 특히 유리연골층에서 더 현저하였으나 염증 및 전침자극에 따른 변화는 없었다. 관절낭에서 면역반응을 살펴보면 염증유발시 활액세포의 면역반응세포는 $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$가 감소한 반면 iNOS, $IL-1{\beta}$는 증가하며 특히 iNOS 증가가 현저하였으며 전침자극에 의해 iNOS 가 감소하였다. 활액막조직에서 모든 면역반응이 증가하며 특히 $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS 반응이 현저한데 전침자극에 의해 $IL-1{\beta}$를 제외한 모든 반응이 감소하였다. 복합당질 염색성은 CFA를 주사한 염증유발 흰쥐군이 정상군에 비해 감소하였다. 관절연골 중 구역간질의 중성복합당질 및 연골세포피막의 산성복합당질이 현저히 감소하였다 Lectin반응도 DBA을 제외한 모든 발현이 염증유발시 감소하였다. 그러나 전침처리에 의해 정상군과 유사한 염색성과 lectin반응을 유지하였다. 특히 구역간질의 중성복합당질과 연골세포의 sWGA와 RCA-1 반응이 현저하였다. 결론 : 만성 염증성 동물모델의 거퇴 관절 내 염증관련 단백질은 관절연골보다 관절낭에서, 복합당질의 변화는 관절연골에서 큰 변화를 보였으며 전침의 자극에 의해 이들 변화가 억제되는 것을 알 수 있다. 이상의 결과로 보아 전침처치는 염증관련 단백질 발현 및 복합당질의 변화 억제를 통해 만성 관절염 질환에 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 2011

The genioglossus muscle plays an important role in maintaining upper airway patency during inspiration; if this muscle does not contract normally, breathing disorders occur due to closing of the upper airway. These occur because of disorders of synaptic input to the genioglossus motoneurons, however, little is known about it. In this study, the distribution of GABA-, glycine-, and glutamate-like immunoreactivity in axon terminals on dendrites of the rat genioglossus motoneurons, stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was examined by using postembedding immunogold histochemistry in serial ultrathin sections. The motoneurons were divided into four compartments: the soma, and primary (Pd), intermediate (Id), and distal dendrites (Dd). Quantitative analysis of 157, 188, 181, and 96 boutons synapsing on 3 soma, 14 Pd, 35 Id, and 28 Dd, respectively, was performed. 71.9% of the total number of studied boutons had immunoreactivity for at least one of the three amino acids. 32.8% of the total number of studied boutons were immunopositive for GABA and/or glycine and 39.1% for glutamate. Among the former, 14.2% showed glycine immunoreactivity only and 13.3% were immunoreactive to both glycine and GABA. The remainder (5.3%) showed immunoreactivity for GABA only. Most boutons immunoreactive to inhibitory amino acids contained a mixture of flattened, oval, and round synaptic vesicles. Most boutons immunoreactive to excitatory amino acids contained clear and spherical synaptic vesicles with a few dense-cored vesicles. When comparisons of the inhibitory and excitatory boutons were made between the soma and three dendritic segments, the proportion of the inhibitory to the excitatory boutons was high in the Dd (23.9% vs. 43.8%) but somewhat low in the soma (35.7% vs. 38.2%), Pd (34.6% vs. 37.8%) and Id (33.1% vs. 38.7%). The percentage of synaptic covering of the inhibitory synaptic boutons decreased in the order of soma, Pd, Id, and Dd, but this trend was not applicable to the excitatory boutons. The present study provides possible evidence that the spatial distribution patterns of inhibitory and excitatory synapses are different in the soma and dendritic tree of the rat genioglussus motoneurons.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.482-499
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• 2017

Allergic diseases have increased over the past several decade worldwide including developing countries. Allergic inflammatory responses are caused by Th (T helper)2 immune responses, triggered by allergen ingestion by antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). Intestinal microorganisms control the metabolism and physiological functions of the host, contribute to early immune system maturation during the early life, and homeostasis and epithelial integrity during life. Bifidobacteria have strain-specific immunostimulatory properties in the Th1/Th2 balance, inhibit TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin) and IgE expression, and promote Flg (Filaggrin) and FoxP3 (Treg) expression to alleviate allergies. In addition, unmethylated CpG motif ODN (oligodeoxynucleotides) is recognized by TLR (toll-like receptors)9 of B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to induce innate and adaptive immune responses, while the butyrate produced by Clostridium butyricum activates the GPR (G-protein coupled receptors)109a signaling pathway to induce the expression of anti-inflammatory gene of pDCs, and directly stimulates the proliferation of thymically derived regulatory T (tTreg) cells through the activation of GPR43 or inhibits the activity of HADC (histone deacetylase) to differentiate naive $CD4^+$ T cells into pTreg cells through the histone H3 acetylation of Foxp3 gene intronic enhancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.46-46
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• 1994

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2009

The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, has been considered as a sentinel species due to dominant distribution along the coast of Korea and well developed regulatory system. In order to develop and understand immune responses of the Manila clams, clams were exposed to $50\;{\mu}g/L$ of cadmium chloride (Cd) for 8 days and monitored the cellular immune parameters of the hemocytes including blast cell composition, DNA damage, necrosis, apoptosis and hemocyte mortality using a flow cytometer. The results showed that all immune parameters analyzed in the present study increased remarkably compared to the controls and the increases were statistically significant. Apoptosis rate was higher than necrosis rate in the clams exposed to Cd suggesting that apoptosis was preferably induced by the concentration of Cd used in the present study. Our study indicates that the measurement of cellular immune responses of the Manila clam using flow cytometer will be a useful technique for assessment of heavy metal contamination in marine environment.