• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2015

In vitro antioxidant activities and neuronal cell protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of a new green extract (Brassica oleracea var. botytis aut italiana) against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress were investigated, and its industrial feasibility was evaluated. The extract showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds among other extracts as well as a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect. This extract not only decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) level but also protected the neuronal cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. On analysis using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, the following phenolic compounds were identified: quinic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. Collectively, these results suggest that this new green extract could contain functional substances that would help prevent the risk of neurodegenerative disease.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2008

In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase and components of Castanea crenata leaf were investigated. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of extract / fractions of Castanea crenata left was in the order: 50% ethanol extract ($13.6{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction (6.2) < aglycone fraction (2.1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$ of extract / fractions from Castanea crenata leaf extract / fractions on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activity was in the order: aglycone fraction (0.8) < 50% ethanol extract (0.5) < ethyl acetate fraction (0.3). The scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ for ${O_2}^{{\cdot}\;-}$ (superoxide anion radical) generated by NBT method was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction (145.5) < aglycone fraction (65.5). The protective effects on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most prominent cellular protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$, $191.9{\pm}12.2\;min$ at $10{\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction ($9.1{\mu}g/mL$) on elastase was higher than oleanolic and ($13.7{\mu}g/mL$). And the inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction ($21.6{\mu}g/mL$) on tyrosinase was higher than arbutin ($226.2{\mu}g/mL$). But 50% ethanol extract rarely exhibited the inhibitory activity on tryosinase and elastase. Flavonoids were contained in Castanea crenata left (96.3 mg / 100 g dried Castanea crenata leaf). And flavonoids contained in ethyl acetate fraction were kaempferol, quercetin, quercitrin, and so on. Quercitrin is the most abundant component. These results indicate that extract / fractions of Castanea crenata can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging free radical and ROS, Castanea crenata leaf extract/ fractions could be used as new cosmeceutical for whitening and anti-wrinkle products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.1708-1715
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether water extracts of Sparassis crispa (SC) have anti-obesity effects. Treatment of mature adipocytes with SC caused a decrease in lipid accumulation (assessed by Oil Red O staining) and an increase in glycerol release. Mice were induced to obesity by a high fat diet (45% fat in total kcal) and experimental groups were treated with two different dosages of SC extracts, a low SC (LSC, 100 mg/kg/day) or high SC (HSC, 300 mg/kg/day). SC extracts were administered by gavages for 10 weeks in the experimental groups, while the control group was fed with distilled water. The body weight gain of mice fed SC was significantly reduced (11.88% lower in LSC, 14.54% lower in HSC) compared to the control group. Additionally, there were significantly reduced serum levels of triglycerides (13.57% lower in LSC, 19.46% lower in HSC), total cholesterol (32.22% lower in LSC, 24.67% lower in HSC) and glucose (28.85% lower in LSC, 25.82% lower in HSC) in mice fed SC compared to the control group. Hepatic triglycerides in mice fed SC were lower (9.68% lower in LSC, 14.24% lower in HSC) than the control group and total cholesterol levels were also lower in mice fed SC (38.72% lower in LSC, 35.20% in HSC). These results demonstrate that the water extract of SC may enhance lipolysis and up-regulate the expression of lipolytic enzymes in vitro and reduce body weight in vivo. These significant effects were found for both low and high doses of SC treatment, and suggest SC can be used as potential therapeutic substances for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.452-460
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activities of Houttuynia cordata extracts and fractions. H. cordata extracts were extracted with 50% ethanol and the ethyl acetate fractions were obtained from the extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate fraction for S. aureus and B. subtilis were $78{\mu}g/mL$ and $312{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, indicating the high activity against gram-positive bacteria. The free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was higher in the ethyl acetate fraction with $12.00{\mu}g/mL$ compared to that of $27.15{\mu}g/mL$ for 50% ethanol extract. The total antioxidant activity ($OSC_{50}$) values for reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system by a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method were 2.91 and $0.983{\mu}g/ml$ for the 50% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. To investigate cellular protective effects on the HaCaT cell, the intracellular ROS scavenging activity was measured after UVB irradiation and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. cordata showed the activity in a concentration-dependent from $1.6{\mu}g/mL$ and a reduction rate of 54.3% at a maximum concentration of $12.5{\mu}g/mL$. Also, HaCaT cell protective effect against $H_2O_2$-mediated decreased the cell viability of the ethyl acetate fraction of H. cordata which significantly increased the cell viability from $0.8{\mu}g/mL$ and the maximum cell viability showed 86.9%. The ethyl acetate fraction of the H. cordata extracts was analyzed by TLC and HPLC. As a result, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin and afzelin were identified. From the above results, it was suggested that the extracts and fractions of H. cordata have a potential to be applied in the field of cosmetics as a natural antioxidant/preservative capable of protecting the cell membrane from the oxidative stress by eliminating ROS and exhibiting the antimicrobial effect.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2006

Background: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the results of St. Jude Medical mitral valve replacement at the Chonbuk National University Hospital since the initial implant in May 1984. Material and Method: Between May of 1984 and December of 1996, 95 patients underwent MVR with the St. Jude Medical mechanical valve prosthesis at Department of Medical Science of Chonbuk National University Hospital and follow-up ended in May of 2004. Result: Age ranged from 19 to 69 years. Follow-up (mean${\pm}$standard deviation) averaged $10.6{\pm}4.2\;year$. Thirty-day operative mortality was 4.2% (4/95). Nine late deaths have occurred and actuarial survival was $90.5{\pm}3.0%,\;87.9{\pm}3.4%\;and\;83.2{\pm}4.6%$ at 5, 10 and 20 years, respectively. Probability of freedom from valve-rotated death was $95.5{\pm}2.1%,\;94.3{\pm}2.4%\;and\;91.0{\pm}3.9%$ at 5, 10 and 20 years, respectively. Seven patients have sustained thromboembolic events (1,05%/patient-year). Fifteen patients had anticoagulation related hemorrhage (3.56%/patient-year). There was no structural valve deterioration. Probability of freedom from all complications was $82.0{\pm}3.9%,\;71.3{\pm}4.8%\;and\;42.4{\pm}10.5%$ at 5, 10 and 20 years, respectively. Conclusion: We confirm the effective and excellent durability of the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in the mitral position with a low event rate at long-term follow-up. It also demonstrates the commonly encountered practical difficulty of adjusting the anti-coagulation protocol in patients with prosthetic mitral valves.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2013

Phellinus baumii is a medicinal mushroom used in Asian countries for a long period of time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skin whitening activities of methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of P. baumii. To evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extract, polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and chelating activity on ferrous ions were studied. For assay of skin whitening activities, tyrosinase and DOPA inhibitory activities, and tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibitory activities of B16/F10 melanoma cells treated with the methanol extract were investigated. The total polyphenol content of P. baumii methanol extract was 4.19. DPPH scavenging ability of P. baumii methanol extract was 88.26% in $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. We tested tyrosinase inhibitory activity and melanin contents in melanoma cells. The tyrosinase activity was inhibited to 65.17% at the concentration of $125{\mu}g/mL$ and melanin synthesis was inhibited to 57.61% at the concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$. Overall, the experimental results showed that P. baumii methanol extract had inhibitory activities of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis by dose dependent manner in B16/F10 melanoma cells. Strong ultra-violet absorption spectra in the range of 270~370 nm indicated that ethanol extract of P. baumii could protect the skin from UV. Therefore, P. baumii methanol extract might be used for development of skin whitening, anti-UV and skin care agents.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.465-477
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• 2000

Purpose: Thallim-201 ($^{201}Tl$) brain SPECT and proton ($^1H$) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have been used to evaluate tumor grade and viability of glioma. We assessed the correlations between $^{201}Tl$ brain index or spectrum of metabolites of $^1H$ MRS and grade of glioma or histopathologic findings. Materials and Methods: We studied 17 patients (4 astrocytoma, 7 anaplastic astrocytoma and 6 glioblastoma). On $^{201}Tl$ Brain SPECT, $^{201}Tl$ index was measured as the ratio of average counts for region of interest to those for the contralateral normal brain. On $^1H$ MRS, we calculated choline (Cho) /creatine (Cr) ratio and N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr ratio in ROI defined as tumor center. Histopathologic findings were graded by Ki-67 index, cellularity, mitosis, pleomorphism, necrosis and endothelial proliferation. An unpaired t test and statistical correlations were performed to evaluate these data. Results: Tl-index showed the best correlation with Ki-67 index (p<0.01), less correlations with cellularity, mitosis, and endothelial proliferation, but no correlation with results of MRS, pleomorphism, or necrosis. The findings of MRS did not correlate with all of the above. The cases of glioblastoma demonstrated a higher Tl-index, Cho/cr ratio, Ki-67 index and lower NAA/Cr ratio, albeit without statistical significance. Conclusion: Even though $^{201}Tl$ brain SPECT did not correlate directly with grade of malignancy, it may still be useful in determining biological aggressiveness of tumor and prognosis of patients because it correlated well with Ki-67 index, a growth fraction of glioma, cellularity, mitosis and endothelial proliferation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2001

Growth optima and tolerance ranges of marine algae species nay vary greatly during the developmental stage. The establishment stage is clearly of great importance for each generation, affecting the performance of the adult population. The present study was aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of inorganic nutrients and heavy metals on germination and germlings of Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta). Percent germination increased rapidly as irradiance level increased, reaching the maximum at 100 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/ in both east and west seawater. Percent germination in the east seawater was higher than that in the west seawater at irradiances lower than 30 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/, and there was no difference in percent germination between the two different seawaters at irradiances higher than 60 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/. Germling growth increased in the both cases with increasing irradiances but no growth was found in the dark. Overall germling area was larger in the east seawater than in the west seawater. Number of cell increased with increasing irradiance and became light-saturated at 100 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/ in the both cases. Germlings grown in the east seawater had more cells than those cultivated in the west seawater at irradiances lower than 60 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/. In various combinations of nitrate and phosphate, percent germination increased with increasing nitrate concentrations irrespective of phosphate concentrations. At 3 days after inoculation, nitrate concentration of 2.5 ppm with all phosphate concentrations promoted germination. Area and number of cell of germlings increased with increasing nitrate concentrations in all phosphate concentrations. In various combinations of copper and lead, germination was delayed as copper concentrations increased in all lead concentrations. Percent germination was severely reduced at 1 ppm Cu$\^$2+/. Area and number of cell of germlings decreased with increasing copper concentrations in all lead concentrations. The highest copper concentration (1 ppm) clearly suppressed the germling growth in U. pertusa.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2017

The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction from Orostachys japonicus A. Berger extract (EFOJ) and its main constituent compounds. Among all fractions, the highest content of total phenolics was found in EFOJ. The antioxidant activity of EFOJ was confirmed through the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and the inhibitory effect of malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, we ascertained that EFOJ not only decreased the intracellular ROS level, but also protected the neuronal cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. In liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the following were found to be the main compounds of EFOJ: quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside. Consequently, these results suggested that the protective effect on neuronal cells was based on the antioxidant activities of the physiologically active compounds of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger extract, which could therefore help to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.379-384
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to investigate the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency and embryonic development after exposure to cryoprotectants and vitrification of mouse zygotes. Mouse IVF zygotes were cryopreserved by vitrification using vitrification solution, EFS40 (40% ethylene glycol, 30% Ficoll and 0.3 M sucrose in phosphate buffer saline containing 10% FBS). After mouse zygotes were exposed to EFS40 at $25^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec., they were immediately plunged into $LN_2$ or cultured for cryoprotectant toxicity test without freezing. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: After thawing, survival rates to the 2-cell stage of zygotes exposed to or vitrified in EFS 40 (98.5%, 95.2%) were not significantly difference compared with that of control (100%). However, the developmental rates upto blastocyst and hatching blastocyst in vitrified groups (66.7, 50.0%) were lower than those of control (93.9, 81.8%) or exposed group (94.0, 78.8%) (p<0.05). When the influence of vitrification and exposure to cryoprotectant on the in vitro development of mouse zygotes was assessed by the SCE frequency, the SCE frequency in exposed ($20.2{\pm}2.1$) to or vitrified embryos ($21.4{\pm}3.2$) was higher than that in control embryos ($16.8{\pm}1.5$). These results suggest that the frequency of SCE was increased after cryoprotectant exposure or Vitrification although developmental rates of zygotes upto blastocysts and /or hatching blastocysts were not afected by cryoprotectant.