• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.271-298
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• 2011

This paper seeks the proper and efficient operation of Korea's safeguard mechanism by examining the judicial interpretation and application of the safeguard measures under the WTO Safeguard Agreement. The judicial examination is focused on the terms of "unforeseen development" in GAIT XIX, "evaluation of all relevant factors", and "clear justification of measure" in Safeguard Agreement. Such an intensive examination. of the judicial interpretation is used for the comparative analysis of the Korea's domestic provisions to find out problems in operation and the interpretative and legislative responses to them. It is found that the Korea's adaptation of the Safeguard Agreement into the domestic provisions and the operation of such provisions in the practical field have generally been consistent with the WTO's basic principles and provisions. Korea's safeguard mechanisms should stably be operated for securing the proper protection of domestic industry under certain emerging circumstances. For such policy objective to be ensured, it is legislatively required to make additional provisions in line with the appellate body's consistent interpretations of the debating issues including the term of unforeseen development.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.8-10
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• 2012

위성을 전체적으로 제어하는 탑재소프트웨어가 동작하는 주 메모리와는 별도로 세이프가드 메모리가 있다. 세이프가드 메모리는 주로 위성의 장애관리를 위해 사용되는 것으로 프로세서 리셋 시에 전체적으로 초기화가 수행되는 주 메모리와는 달리 별도의 전원을 사용하여 항상 Power-ON 상태를 유지하고 주/부 2개의 메모리가 주/부 프로세서와 Cross-Strap으로 연결되어 어느 프로세서에서든 접속이 가능하도록 구성되어 있다. 위성에 심각한 장애가 발생하여 정상적인 운영이 불가능한 경우, 위성은 Fail-over 과정을 거치게 되는데, Fail-over 과정에서 2개의 세이프가드 메모리의 비상운영데이터 영역에 장애 발생원인 및 프로세서 리셋 이후에 필요한 정보들을 기록하고, 미리 정해진 Backup 하드웨어를 이용하여 시스템 초기화가 수행된다. Backup 하드웨어를 통하여 프로세서가 정상적으로 Boot-up되면 세이프가드 메모리에 저장된 비상운영데이터를 이용하여 위성의 장애발생 원인을 파악하고, 정상운영모드로 복귀하는 절차를 거치게 된다. 본 논문은 저궤도 위성에서 사용되는 세이프가드 메모리 운영방식에 대해 기술한 것이다.

• Product Safety
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• s.82
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• pp.54-65
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• 2000

• The Korea Swine Journal
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• v.29 no.5 s.333
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• pp.204-204
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• 2007

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.417-444
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• 2009

In October 2005, the Russian government started an investigation if safeguard measures against the importation of Korean sodium cyanide products could be taken. With Russia being a non-WTO member country, the Korean side found themselves in different situation from previous negotiation cases with developed or WTO member countries. Although several elements of trade negotiation theories such as goal setting, bargaining power, and relationship could apply, new constraints of limited information access and uncertainty of administrative procedures should be overcome. Combination of the governmental negotiation, assistance of the Russian consumer group, and the application of related laws led the Russian authority to dismiss the case. I suggest that there be some built-in channels for gathering information of non-WTO member countries.

• The magazine of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.24-31
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• 2015

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.573-600
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• 2009

Currently, the Free Trade Agreement(FTA) promoting regionalism or bilateralism has been increasingly concluded, which is against multilateralism of the WTO. The adoption of the TRS under the FTA carries various issues from the rationale of its existence to its contents. To explain these contradictory issues between the WTO and the FTA, this paper studied on the TRS by analyzing present cases and negotiation results of the TRS under the FTA and comparing them under the WTO. The TRS under the WTO agreement is limited only to antidumping, countervailing duties and safeguard as the agreed concept. When the negotiations of the FTA are on the process, it is necessary to adopt the TRS depending on the negotiating party countries of the FTA after considering fully the economic situations of Korea and the need of protection for the domestic industries. Currently, Korea has entered into the FTA with several countries and most of the agreements with respect to the TRS maintain and observe the right and duty in the WTO agreement and when necessary, in some of the FTA agreements, they have changed parts of the TRS. Consequently, it is needed to establish the basis for application of the TRS. Also, additional application of the SSG provision to some sensitive goods is highly recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.238-246
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• 2016

The study aims to examine Japan's National REDD+ Strategies prepared for Post-2020 and the status of its implementation by organizations in Japan, and then to suggest the potential REDD+ countermeasures against Joint Credit Mechanism (JCM) for Republic of Korea and their implications. As for the technical limitations of the guidelines of REDD+ under the JCM, it is pointed out that forests located at the place with less potential safeguard intervention tend to be selected as the target area for a project and that, as reference emission trend changes depending on the basic year of the baseline, differences could occur among the amounts of greenhouse gas emission. In addition, it is pointed out that the result of the calculation of the displacement of emissions, or leakeage, in REDD+, can have an uncertainty, since the calculation is done by just multiplying leakage area by certain coefficients, without considering the size of the leakage area. Furthermore, the lack of implementation guideline or methodologies for a project level is also pointed out as a limitation, considering that there are only some national and sub-national monitoring guidelines at present. Finally, internationally accepted guidelines for safeguard and its sub-items needed to be prepared, as current safeguard policy only includes lists without detailed items. Such things mentioned above are all related to, and can lead to the problem of double counting of items in Nested Approach etc., as well as of the distribution of credits. Therefore, Republic of Korea should take these into consideration when implementing its REDD+ projects.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

PURPOSES: This paper presents the results of computer simulations of roadside safety barrier, called by safety roller guardrail, consisting of rotational roller, rotation control plate, post and subsidiary members. The rotation roller and rotation control plate are made by EVA(ethylene vinyl acetate), and PE(polyester), respectively. METHODS: The occupant risk analysis has been carried out under vehicle crash condition for high containment level of SB-4 for the purpose of local road. Simulations are performed with the finite element code LS/DYNA-3D. RESULTS: The numerical results obtained by LS/DYNA-3D software from the viewpoints of vehicle stability, vehicle trajectory, occupant risk, etc. CONCLUSIONS: It is noted that not only impact severity is drastically reduced but also vehicle trajectory is improved due to the characteristics of energy absorption and rotation pattern of EVA rollers connected by control plates.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.22
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• pp.255-285
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• 2004

After more than 15 years of negotiations, China was finally able to achieve the WTO membership, opening up new trade opportunities for China as well as existing WTO members. China accepted a special safeguard mechanism as one of its WTO- plus commitments. And in response, Korea has since introduced China special safeguard rules, which in simple terms, allows an invocation of safeguard measures against Chinese product imports under more lapse conditions than would normally be allowed under the existing general safeguard rules. China also introduced new safeguard rules in November 2001 in an effort to increase transparency in its operation of safeguard measures. However, the current article contends that the new rules pose a serious threat to free trade in the form of the retaliation provision, which enables China to take unilateral retaliatory actions against safeguard measures on Chinese product imports, It indicates that the provision could be operated in an arbitrary manner as the US Super 301, and lead to infringements of WTO disciplines. This paper indicates that the foregoing elements could lead to mort trade disputes between Korea China regarding safeguard measures and subsequent retaliations on the hills of the so called the Garlic War. The current article goes on to offer policy recommendations toward deterring such disputes. First, it recommends a more active invocation of Korea's own retaliatory provision against China's unilateral actions at least to gain negotiating leverage. Second, it sites problems involving China's still conspicuous state-trading practices, and proposes to raise issues again China to induce more faithful implementation of WTO disciplines Final, it stresses the importance of preventing disputes before they arise, and suggests several specific preventive measures.