• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.32-43
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• 2012

Hangzhou, in China, is a city that has a history as long as 2,300 years and is renowned due to its natural scenery of a beautiful lake surrounded by gentle green hills. This world wide famous scenery, known as West Lake(西湖), in 2011, was included in the World Heritage Landscape List. Though this place experienced enormous development and changes during thousands of years, historic sceneries did not disappear with the passage of time. In contrary, they are refined and increased attributing to protection efforts from past dynasties. Therefore, research in landscape transition is significant for building livable environment and preserving historical landscape. This paper mainly focuses on history transition of city Hangzhou. First of all, its urban construction and guiding ideology is analyzed. Then, deep meticulous research is carried out on development and preservation achievements for dynasty Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. In the end, from a historical point of view, this paper will provide a new perspective which would contribute to sustainable preservation of historical landscape. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the West Lake through several times of the rectification and construction, the present landscape was completed during thousand years several times through the construction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.85-93
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• 2014

Although the Chungmak village, Gyeokpo-ri, Buan-gun is a small seashore village, it's an important place that has the largest ancient maritime ritual sites in Korea. This 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site'(5~6 century, Baekje of the Three-kingdom period) was located in the Dangsan forest of Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) Colony, and that has a significant meaning concerned with Dangsan forest's origin. Chungmak village located in the Scenic Site # 13 named 'Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang coastal cliff in Buan', and have retained the Jeollabuk-do Tangible Cultural Property # 58 named 'Suseongdang', the Natural Monument # 123 named 'Machilus community in Gyeokpo-ri, Buan'. The 'Suseongdang Gaeyang Grandmother Dangsinje (Village Ritual)' which is Dangsan ritual has been held every year by village residents. The practical management of Suseongdang and Machilus community has been conducted by village residents. In this study, the landscape characteristics of the Dangsan forest were investigated including neighborhood elements such as Bibo forest, seashores, and farm fields. The conservation of cultural landscape was thought to be achieved by designating 'Protected Area of Sacred Natural Sites'. The Dangsan forest ought to be recognized for their valuable landscape characteristics. It should be managed as a protected area and a sacred natural sites in order to be registered as a World Cultural Heritage.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.221-234
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• 2017

The Baengnokdam, the summit crater of Mt. Halla, is one of the representative geosites of World Natural Heritage and Global Geopark in Jeju Island. The crater is marked by two distinctive volcanic lithofacies that comprise: 1) a trachytic lava dome to the west of the crater and 2) trachybasaltic lava flow units covering the gentle eastern slope of the mountain. This study focuses on understanding the formative process of this peculiar volcanic lithofacies association at the summit of Mt. Halla through field observation and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the sediments underlying the craterforming volcanics. The trachyte dome to the west of the crater is subdivided into 3 facies units that include: 1) the trachyte breccias originating from initial dome collapse, 2) the trachyte lava-flow unit and 3) the domal main body. On the other side, the trachybasalt is subdivided into 2 facies units that include: 1) the spatter and scoria deposit from the early explosive eruption and 2) lava-flow unit from the later effusion eruption. Quartz OSL dating on the sediments underlying the trachyte breccias and the trachybasaltic lava-flow unit reveals ages of ca. 37 ka and ca. 21 ka, respectively. The results point toward that the Baengnokdam summit crater was formed by eruption of trachybasaltic magma at about 19~21 ka after the trachyte dome formed later than 37 ka.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2010

우리들은 초 중등교육을 통해 암석의 종류와 특징, 지질형태와 퇴적구조, 그리고 화석에 대해 지속적으로 교육 받아왔다. 그러나 암석이나 노두를 보고 학교에서 배운 지식을 바르게 적용할 수 있는 학생은 매우 드물다. 또한 아름다운 경관을 보며 지질학적으로 형성과정을 해석할 수 있는 사람도 매우 드물 것이다. 여기서는 지질경관에 대한 정보를 어떻게 제공하고 있는가에 대한 연구 성과를 정리해보고 문제점을 도출하고자 한다. 현재까지 지질경관을 알려주는 연구 성과를 크게 나누면 3종류가 있다. 첫째, 지질학습장의 개발 및 활용에 관한 연구이다. 이 부류의 수집된 자료는 학위논문(29편)과 전문학술지(27편)로 현재 56편이나 검색에 따라 더 늘어날 것이다. 이들은 야외 노두에 대한 효과적인 지질학습을 위한 자료개발을 위주로 하고 있다. 이러한 내용들은 전문가 양성에는 대단히 좋은 프로그램이지만 청소년이나 일반대중들에게 너무 어려운 내용으로 구성되어 있다. 또한 교육청에서 주관하는 탐방계획으로 "경기도 지구과학교사 연구회"가 있는데, 주로 경기도 한탄강유역을 대상으로 하고 있다. 이 연구회 자료에서는 지역의 특성을 살린 야외지질학습장을 개발하고 현장에 적용하기 위한 노력을 볼 수가 있다. 두 번째로 과학전람회 자료로서 현장교사와 학생들의 야외학습에 대한 인식이 잘 나타나 있다. 수집된 자료는 총 55편으로 야외지질조사를 통해 관찰 자체에 중점을 두었는데, 최근에는 노두관찰에 덧붙여 탐구학습 태도와 창의성을 함양하는 쪽으로 옮겨가고 있다. 세 번째 자료는 일반대중을 위한 서적이다. 이 서적들은 저자들의 전공에 따라 그 내용이 다소 다르다. 즉 일반여행안내 책자는 노두나 암석은 소개하고 있으나 지질학적 설명이 전혀없으며(예, 남도해안 2000리), 지리학자들의 저술에는 지형의 형성을 지질학적으로 설명하려 애쓴 흔적이 보인다(예, 한국지리이야기). 다음으로 지구과학들의 저술은 전형적인 지질답사 안내서에 가까워 내용 자체는 좋으나 흥미가 다소 떨어진다(예, 가족이 함께 떠나는 지질여행, 제주도 지질여행). 지질학과 흥미를 적절히 혼합한 책으로 '우리 땅 과학 답사기'정도가 있다. 최근 한국암석학회에서는 "우리의 명산"을 지질과 경관의 관점에서 해석하려는 심포지엄을 2차례 가졌다. 그러나 그 내용면에서는 경관지질이라는 개념을 정립했다고 보기에는 다소 미흡 하나, 황상구 교수의 주왕산에 관한 내용은 앞으로 경관지질 연구에 대한 발전의 여지를 보여주었다. 앞으로 지질경관에 대하여 지질학적 야외답사나 과학지식 습득에 국한시키지 말고, 그 지역의 특성을 살린 관광 또는 민속과 연계하여 지구과학적 학습효과와 더불어 인성교육에 도움이 되는 학습 콘텐츠를 개발하도록 노력해야 할 것이다. 일반 대중이 우리나라의 빼어난 지질 경관을 손쉽게 이해하고 즐기게 되면, 세계자연유산이나 세계지질공원을 지정 받는 과정도 더 쉬워질 것이다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-28
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• 2013

This paper was made on the basis of geotourism to explain morphological characteristics of Patagonia and Atacama region in the Andes through 10-day fieldwork. The Patagonian landscape was focused on the Torres del Paine National Park, Chile and the Los Glacier National Park, Argentina; on the other hand, the Atacama morphological landscape was investigated around the San Pedro de Atacama. Many geomorphological features such as uplift, semiarid and glacier landscapes can be found in Patagonia, so it is strongly recommended to have an opportunity to enjoy these landforms by geotourism. Massive intrusive rock bodies of granite can be shown in those two National Parks declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. And, the Atacama Desert located on the forearc depression in the Andes, Chile has also many geomorphological destinations of arid and volcanic landforms; badland, pediplain, pediment, salt lake and geyser. Especially, huge pediplain is one of the greatest view points in the Atacama Desert. Patagonia and Atacama are the best geographical tourism sites to know diverse tectonic landforms made by the conflict between South American and Pacific plates.

• Archives of design research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 2000

Historical books are records of information using text and images and is one of the valuable cultural heritages of mankind. However, these books wear, tear and are damaged with time, so we are restricted in our usage of them for study or research. There are many libraries and museums around the world researching a method to digitize the historical books to prevent their collection from damage. Digitizing the historical books not only produce digital images but also a valuable high quality digital information. Digitizing process also keeps the original content of the historical books as well as add a value as research material as a bibliographical, artistic and archaeological item. Furthermore, its information would be provided through a network, like internet, to share and to promote more advanced studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the principles and method of digitization of historical books. This study also researches the meaning and problems of digitizing process for more effective usage.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.444-457
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• 2014

Dangsan forests are traditional village forests which have been established by local residents. They represent unique cultural landscape of Korea with a history of more than several hundred years. It is necessary for a cultural contents to have locality and globality so as to represent Korea. Cultural heritage can retain their value when they are fully sustained their authenticity and management scheme. Although many Dangsan forests have been on the verge of disappearance, the four villages in Sinwon-ri have retained Dangsan forests with Dangsan ritual. In this study, a designation of 'Conservation area of agricultural landscape ecology' including Dangsan forests, Bibo forests, rice paddy field, and stream in Sinwon-ri was suggested. This 'Conservation area of agricultural landscape ecology' can be developed to unique glocal cultural content of rural Korea, and will contribute to enhance the value of the Dangsan forest's, and revitalization of rural villages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2019

The Royal Tomb of the Joseon Dynasty, which was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2009, is a cultural resource recognized for its 'outstanding universal value' around the world. The royal tomb of Joseon has been managed with an emphasis on the preservation of cultural assets since it was designated as a historical site in the 1970s, but it has received many visitors as a valuable historical and cultural resource and haven that connects the past and the present in today's bustling city. In order to investigate and analyze the current status of pavements in the royal palace in terms of quality and quantity, and to suggest the direction of improvement, this study conducted a complete survey of 53 royal palace viewing roads in 18 regions, and the results are as follows. First of all, problems are found in both the early Masato pavement of the creation, which was introduced with an emphasis on the preservation and protection of cultural assets, and the hardening pavement(KAP), which began to be used in the 1990s for the convenience of maintenance. In other words, the Masato pavement used to create a more environmentally friendly atmosphere of the Joseon royal tombs is showing a high percentage of use, but it lacks support for walking activities, such as the slippage of the pavement and water pooling during the rainy season or during the ice season. Also, hardening pavement introduced for convenience of maintenance, such as the movement of repair vehicles, is not functioning properly as it is damaged by physical deformation after construction. In addition, in awe zones such as parking lots, although the first image of the Joseon royal tombs is determined, the formation of the functional landscape centered on the carriageway does not harmonize with the traditional landscape, and, because of its lack of walking and environment-friendly features, there is a need for improvement, such as the experimental introduction of relevant pavement materials developed afterwards and continuous monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.274-291
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• 2020

This year is the 50th anniversary of the adoption by UNESCO in 1970 of the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (the '1970 Convention'). Since its ratification of the 1970 Convention in 1983, the Republic of Korea has domestically implemented the Convention through its Cultural Heritage Protection Act, which was first enacted in 1962. This is a different form of implementation than is normally used for other UNESCO Conventions on cultural heritage, in that the Republic of Korea has recently adopted special acts to enforce the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the 1972 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In addition, the 1970 Convention has been developed further through the introduction of new Operational Guidelines in 2015 for the concrete enforcement of the Convention, which has provided momentum for the Republic of Korea to analyze its current national legislation related to the 1970 Convention as well as consider its amendment in the future. Overall, the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of the Republic of Korea effectively reflects the duties of States Parties under the 1970 Convention. These include measures to introduce export certificates, prohibit the import of stolen cultural property, return other state parties' cultural property, and impose penalties or administrative sanctions in the event of any infringements. Indeed, the Republic of Korea's implementation of the 1970 Convention was introduced as an example of good practice at the Meeting of State Parties in 2019. However, changes in the illegal market for cultural property and development of relevant international law and measures imply that there still exists room for improvement concerning the legal implementation of the 1970 Convention at the national level. In particular, the Operational Guidelines recommend States Parties to adopt legal measures in two respects: detailed criteria for due diligence in assessing bona-fide purchasers, referring to the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, and measures to address the emerging issue of illegal trade in cultural property on internet platforms. Amendment of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act and other relevant laws should be considered in order to duly reflect these issues. Taking that opportunity, concrete provisions to facilitate international cooperation in respect of the implementation of the 1970 Convention could be introduced as well. Such measures could be expected to strengthen the Republic of Korea's international legal cooperation to respond to the changing environment regarding illicit trafficking of cultural property and its restitution.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.62-79
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• 2019

This study examined the background of Gyeongju Seochulji Pond (world heritage, historic site No. 138), a historic pond in Sam-guk-yu-sa (三國遺事), and its landscaping period when it served as the garden of the Pungcheon Lim clan (豊川 任氏) in the middle of the Joseon dynasty. For this study, a literature review of poetry, prose, and a personal anthology, and a field survey were conducted. Changes in the landscape were analyzed by comparing the landscape appearing in the literature of the Joseon period with past photographs. The results were as follows: First, even though the function and landscape at that time cannot be guessed as the objective ground from Silla to the early part of the Joseon dynasty is insufficient, it has been managed as a Byeolseo (別墅) garden as Pungcheon Lim's family resided in the area of Eastern-Namsan Mountain during the Joseon dynasty. At that time, Seochulji Pond was recognized as a historic place. It functioned as the garden of Pungcheon Lim's family as Lim Jeok (任勣, 1612~1672) built the Yiyodang pavilion (二樂堂). Second, in the literature, the Yiyodang pavilion has been called Gaekdang (客堂), Jeongsa (精舍), Byeolgak (別閣) and Byeolseo, etc. It can be seen as Nu and Jeong (樓亭), utilized for various uses. Because of this, the name Bingheoru Pavilion (憑虛樓) has mostly been in common use. Third, Seochulji Pond was positioned where the scenery is beautiful, with Gyeongju Mt. Namsan (Mt. Geumo) in the background and with a wide field and the Namcheon River flowing in the front. This was typical of Byeolseo gardens of the Joseon dynasty, combining human environments with natural environments. Fourth, the relationship with the Byeolseo garden disappeared as the head of Pungcheon Lim's family added a temple, lotus flowers, pine trees, and a bamboo forest as described in the old poetry and prose. Currently, the landscape does not appear to be significantly different from that as development has not occurred in the area of Seochulji Pond. Also, crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), which now symbolizes the Seochulji Pond, was not identified in the old poetry or past photographs and is not old enough to confirm whether it was prominent at the time. Through this study, it is necessary to reconsider the spatial meanings of the gardens of the Joseon dynasty period and not to highlight the area of Seochulji Pond as a place in the legend. This is a cultural asset in the area of Eastern-Namsan Mountain and has an important meaning in terms of garden history.